Prognostic Value of PLR, SIRI, PIV, SII, and NLR in Non-Muscle Invasive Bladder Cancer: Can Inflammatory Factors Influence Pathogenesis and Outcomes?
Background/Objectives: Given the increasing interest in the predictive role of inflammation in oncology, we aimed to assess the association between inflammatory factors (IFs) and the histopathological characteristics of bladder cancer (BC). Our objective was to correlate some of these IFs with BC pr...
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| Published in | Cancers Vol. 17; no. 13; p. 2189 |
|---|---|
| Main Authors | , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , |
| Format | Journal Article |
| Language | English |
| Published |
Switzerland
MDPI AG
28.06.2025
MDPI |
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| Online Access | Get full text |
| ISSN | 2072-6694 2072-6694 |
| DOI | 10.3390/cancers17132189 |
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| Abstract | Background/Objectives: Given the increasing interest in the predictive role of inflammation in oncology, we aimed to assess the association between inflammatory factors (IFs) and the histopathological characteristics of bladder cancer (BC). Our objective was to correlate some of these IFs with BC progression and recurrence, identifying possible new diagnostic tools. Methods: We retrospectively analyzed 285 patients (79.8% male, 20.4% female; median age 73) who underwent transurethral resection of the bladder (TURB) between January 2016 and January 2022. The preoperative neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio (PLR), systemic immune-inflammation index (SII), pan-immune-inflammation value (PIV), systemic inflammation response index (SIRI), and standard clinical variables were collected one month before TURB and evaluated as predictors of recurrence and progression. Patients were stratified using the Youden Index and ROC analysis. Cox regression models were applied to identify independent predictors. Results: High-grade tumors were present in 74.6% of cases, and 34% were recurrent. Carcinoma in situ was found in 5%. After 72 months, 53% underwent radical cystectomy, and 13.7% died within 5 years. The optimal cutoffs were PLR 139, SIRI 1.12, PIV 248.49, NLR 2, SII 327. Smoking, primary MIBC, age, and lymph node status were significantly associated with recurrence. Elevated PLR correlated with recurrence and T2 progression (p = 0.004). Higher SIRI, PIV, and PLR levels were significantly associated with lymphovascular invasion and nodal metastasis (p < 0.05). PLR was linked to recurrence in tumors ≥ 3 cm post-BCG (p = 0.004); high SIRI predicted recurrence within 48 months (p = 0.05). Conclusions: High PLR and SIRI levels were associated with recurrence. Our findings support the emerging role of IFs in predicting BC outcomes and suggest their potential inclusion in future prognostic models. |
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| AbstractList | Given the increasing interest in the predictive role of inflammation in oncology, we aimed to assess the association between inflammatory factors (IFs) and the histopathological characteristics of bladder cancer (BC). Our objective was to correlate some of these IFs with BC progression and recurrence, identifying possible new diagnostic tools.
: We retrospectively analyzed 285 patients (79.8% male, 20.4% female; median age 73) who underwent transurethral resection of the bladder (TURB) between January 2016 and January 2022. The preoperative neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio (PLR), systemic immune-inflammation index (SII), pan-immune-inflammation value (PIV), systemic inflammation response index (SIRI), and standard clinical variables were collected one month before TURB and evaluated as predictors of recurrence and progression. Patients were stratified using the Youden Index and ROC analysis. Cox regression models were applied to identify independent predictors.
: High-grade tumors were present in 74.6% of cases, and 34% were recurrent. Carcinoma in situ was found in 5%. After 72 months, 53% underwent radical cystectomy, and 13.7% died within 5 years. The optimal cutoffs were PLR 139, SIRI 1.12, PIV 248.49, NLR 2, SII 327. Smoking, primary MIBC, age, and lymph node status were significantly associated with recurrence. Elevated PLR correlated with recurrence and T2 progression (
= 0.004). Higher SIRI, PIV, and PLR levels were significantly associated with lymphovascular invasion and nodal metastasis (
< 0.05). PLR was linked to recurrence in tumors ≥ 3 cm post-BCG (
= 0.004); high SIRI predicted recurrence within 48 months (
= 0.05).
: High PLR and SIRI levels were associated with recurrence. Our findings support the emerging role of IFs in predicting BC outcomes and suggest their potential inclusion in future prognostic models. Background/Objectives: Given the increasing interest in the predictive role of inflammation in oncology, we aimed to assess the association between inflammatory factors (IFs) and the histopathological characteristics of bladder cancer (BC). Our objective was to correlate some of these IFs with BC progression and recurrence, identifying possible new diagnostic tools. Methods: We retrospectively analyzed 285 patients (79.8% male, 20.4% female; median age 73) who underwent transurethral resection of the bladder (TURB) between January 2016 and January 2022. The preoperative neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio (PLR), systemic immune-inflammation index (SII), pan-immune-inflammation value (PIV), systemic inflammation response index (SIRI), and standard clinical variables were collected one month before TURB and evaluated as predictors of recurrence and progression. Patients were stratified using the Youden Index and ROC analysis. Cox regression models were applied to identify independent predictors. Results: High-grade tumors were present in 74.6% of cases, and 34% were recurrent. Carcinoma in situ was found in 5%. After 72 months, 53% underwent radical cystectomy, and 13.7% died within 5 years. The optimal cutoffs were PLR 139, SIRI 1.12, PIV 248.49, NLR 2, SII 327. Smoking, primary MIBC, age, and lymph node status were significantly associated with recurrence. Elevated PLR correlated with recurrence and T2 progression (p = 0.004). Higher SIRI, PIV, and PLR levels were significantly associated with lymphovascular invasion and nodal metastasis (p < 0.05). PLR was linked to recurrence in tumors ≥ 3 cm post-BCG (p = 0.004); high SIRI predicted recurrence within 48 months (p = 0.05). Conclusions: High PLR and SIRI levels were associated with recurrence. Our findings support the emerging role of IFs in predicting BC outcomes and suggest their potential inclusion in future prognostic models. Background/Objectives: Given the increasing interest in the predictive role of inflammation in oncology, we aimed to assess the association between inflammatory factors (IFs) and the histopathological characteristics of bladder cancer (BC). Our objective was to correlate some of these IFs with BC progression and recurrence, identifying possible new diagnostic tools. Methods: We retrospectively analyzed 285 patients (79.8% male, 20.4% female; median age 73) who underwent transurethral resection of the bladder (TURB) between January 2016 and January 2022. The preoperative neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio (PLR), systemic immune-inflammation index (SII), pan-immune-inflammation value (PIV), systemic inflammation response index (SIRI), and standard clinical variables were collected one month before TURB and evaluated as predictors of recurrence and progression. Patients were stratified using the Youden Index and ROC analysis. Cox regression models were applied to identify independent predictors. Results: High-grade tumors were present in 74.6% of cases, and 34% were recurrent. Carcinoma in situ was found in 5%. After 72 months, 53% underwent radical cystectomy, and 13.7% died within 5 years. The optimal cutoffs were PLR 139, SIRI 1.12, PIV 248.49, NLR 2, SII 327. Smoking, primary MIBC, age, and lymph node status were significantly associated with recurrence. Elevated PLR correlated with recurrence and T2 progression (p = 0.004). Higher SIRI, PIV, and PLR levels were significantly associated with lymphovascular invasion and nodal metastasis (p < 0.05). PLR was linked to recurrence in tumors ≥ 3 cm post-BCG (p = 0.004); high SIRI predicted recurrence within 48 months (p = 0.05). Conclusions: High PLR and SIRI levels were associated with recurrence. Our findings support the emerging role of IFs in predicting BC outcomes and suggest their potential inclusion in future prognostic models.Background/Objectives: Given the increasing interest in the predictive role of inflammation in oncology, we aimed to assess the association between inflammatory factors (IFs) and the histopathological characteristics of bladder cancer (BC). Our objective was to correlate some of these IFs with BC progression and recurrence, identifying possible new diagnostic tools. Methods: We retrospectively analyzed 285 patients (79.8% male, 20.4% female; median age 73) who underwent transurethral resection of the bladder (TURB) between January 2016 and January 2022. The preoperative neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio (PLR), systemic immune-inflammation index (SII), pan-immune-inflammation value (PIV), systemic inflammation response index (SIRI), and standard clinical variables were collected one month before TURB and evaluated as predictors of recurrence and progression. Patients were stratified using the Youden Index and ROC analysis. Cox regression models were applied to identify independent predictors. Results: High-grade tumors were present in 74.6% of cases, and 34% were recurrent. Carcinoma in situ was found in 5%. After 72 months, 53% underwent radical cystectomy, and 13.7% died within 5 years. The optimal cutoffs were PLR 139, SIRI 1.12, PIV 248.49, NLR 2, SII 327. Smoking, primary MIBC, age, and lymph node status were significantly associated with recurrence. Elevated PLR correlated with recurrence and T2 progression (p = 0.004). Higher SIRI, PIV, and PLR levels were significantly associated with lymphovascular invasion and nodal metastasis (p < 0.05). PLR was linked to recurrence in tumors ≥ 3 cm post-BCG (p = 0.004); high SIRI predicted recurrence within 48 months (p = 0.05). Conclusions: High PLR and SIRI levels were associated with recurrence. Our findings support the emerging role of IFs in predicting BC outcomes and suggest their potential inclusion in future prognostic models. Bladder cancer often returns even after treatment, and predicting which patients are at higher risk of recurrence remains a challenge. Inflammation is known to play a role in cancer development, and certain values from routine blood tests may offer helpful clues. In this study, we examined the relationship between several inflammation-related markers found in blood samples and the recurrence or progression of early-stage bladder cancer. We analyzed data from 285 patients treated at our hospital and found that high levels of certain markers, especially those related to the immune and inflammatory response, were associated with a greater risk of recurrence and aggressive disease features. These results suggest that simple, non-invasive blood tests could help doctors better identify patients who need closer monitoring or more intensive treatment. Our findings may support the use of inflammation-based indices in future tools to guide personalized care in bladder cancer patients. Background/Objectives: Given the increasing interest in the predictive role of inflammation in oncology, we aimed to assess the association between inflammatory factors (IFs) and the histopathological characteristics of bladder cancer (BC). Our objective was to correlate some of these IFs with BC progression and recurrence, identifying possible new diagnostic tools. Methods : We retrospectively analyzed 285 patients (79.8% male, 20.4% female; median age 73) who underwent transurethral resection of the bladder (TURB) between January 2016 and January 2022. The preoperative neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio (PLR), systemic immune-inflammation index (SII), pan-immune-inflammation value (PIV), systemic inflammation response index (SIRI), and standard clinical variables were collected one month before TURB and evaluated as predictors of recurrence and progression. Patients were stratified using the Youden Index and ROC analysis. Cox regression models were applied to identify independent predictors. Results : High-grade tumors were present in 74.6% of cases, and 34% were recurrent. Carcinoma in situ was found in 5%. After 72 months, 53% underwent radical cystectomy, and 13.7% died within 5 years. The optimal cutoffs were PLR 139, SIRI 1.12, PIV 248.49, NLR 2, SII 327. Smoking, primary MIBC, age, and lymph node status were significantly associated with recurrence. Elevated PLR correlated with recurrence and T2 progression ( p = 0.004). Higher SIRI, PIV, and PLR levels were significantly associated with lymphovascular invasion and nodal metastasis ( p < 0.05). PLR was linked to recurrence in tumors ≥ 3 cm post-BCG ( p = 0.004); high SIRI predicted recurrence within 48 months ( p = 0.05). Conclusions : High PLR and SIRI levels were associated with recurrence. Our findings support the emerging role of IFs in predicting BC outcomes and suggest their potential inclusion in future prognostic models. Bladder cancer often returns even after treatment, and predicting which patients are at higher risk of recurrence remains a challenge. Inflammation is known to play a role in cancer development, and certain values from routine blood tests may offer helpful clues. In this study, we examined the relationship between several inflammation-related markers found in blood samples and the recurrence or progression of early-stage bladder cancer. We analyzed data from 285 patients treated at our hospital and found that high levels of certain markers, especially those related to the immune and inflammatory response, were associated with a greater risk of recurrence and aggressive disease features. These results suggest that simple, non-invasive blood tests could help doctors better identify patients who need closer monitoring or more intensive treatment. Our findings may support the use of inflammation-based indices in future tools to guide personalized care in bladder cancer patients. |
| Audience | Academic |
| Author | Iacovelli, Roberto Bizzarri, Francesco Pio Rossi, Francesco Presutti, Simona Panio, Enrico Rocco, Bernardo Racioppi, Marco Ragonese, Mauro D’Amico, Lorenzo Cretì, Antonio Gavi, Filippo Campetella, Marco Palermo, Giuseppe Sighinolfi, Maria Chiara Russo, Pierluigi Bellavia, Fabrizio Ciccarese, Chiara Moosavi, Seyed Koosha Sacco, Emilio |
| AuthorAffiliation | 4 Department of Oncology, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli, 00168 Rome, Italy 3 Department of Life Science, Health, and Health Professions, University Unilink, 00165 Rome, Italy 2 Department of Urology, Ospedale Isola Tiberina-Gemelli Isola, 00186 Rome, Italy 1 Department of Urology, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli, 00168 Rome, Italy |
| AuthorAffiliation_xml | – name: 1 Department of Urology, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli, 00168 Rome, Italy – name: 2 Department of Urology, Ospedale Isola Tiberina-Gemelli Isola, 00186 Rome, Italy – name: 3 Department of Life Science, Health, and Health Professions, University Unilink, 00165 Rome, Italy – name: 4 Department of Oncology, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli, 00168 Rome, Italy |
| Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: Francesco Pio orcidid: 0000-0003-2119-9023 surname: Bizzarri fullname: Bizzarri, Francesco Pio – sequence: 2 givenname: Marco orcidid: 0000-0002-7412-1214 surname: Campetella fullname: Campetella, Marco – sequence: 3 givenname: Pierluigi surname: Russo fullname: Russo, Pierluigi – sequence: 4 givenname: Giuseppe orcidid: 0000-0002-3861-3545 surname: Palermo fullname: Palermo, Giuseppe – sequence: 5 givenname: Seyed Koosha surname: Moosavi fullname: Moosavi, Seyed Koosha – sequence: 6 givenname: Francesco surname: Rossi fullname: Rossi, Francesco – sequence: 7 givenname: Lorenzo surname: D’Amico fullname: D’Amico, Lorenzo – sequence: 8 givenname: Antonio surname: Cretì fullname: Cretì, Antonio – sequence: 9 givenname: Filippo orcidid: 0000-0001-9994-4316 surname: Gavi fullname: Gavi, Filippo – sequence: 10 givenname: Enrico surname: Panio fullname: Panio, Enrico – sequence: 11 givenname: Simona surname: Presutti fullname: Presutti, Simona – sequence: 12 givenname: Fabrizio surname: Bellavia fullname: Bellavia, Fabrizio – sequence: 13 givenname: Mauro orcidid: 0000-0002-1919-8729 surname: Ragonese fullname: Ragonese, Mauro – sequence: 14 givenname: Chiara surname: Ciccarese fullname: Ciccarese, Chiara – sequence: 15 givenname: Roberto orcidid: 0000-0002-1750-2117 surname: Iacovelli fullname: Iacovelli, Roberto – sequence: 16 givenname: Maria Chiara surname: Sighinolfi fullname: Sighinolfi, Maria Chiara – sequence: 17 givenname: Marco orcidid: 0000-0001-9129-8479 surname: Racioppi fullname: Racioppi, Marco – sequence: 18 givenname: Emilio surname: Sacco fullname: Sacco, Emilio – sequence: 19 givenname: Bernardo surname: Rocco fullname: Rocco, Bernardo |
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| Keywords | non-muscle invasive bladder cancer inflammatory factors bladder cancer |
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| Snippet | Background/Objectives: Given the increasing interest in the predictive role of inflammation in oncology, we aimed to assess the association between... Given the increasing interest in the predictive role of inflammation in oncology, we aimed to assess the association between inflammatory factors (IFs) and the... Bladder cancer often returns even after treatment, and predicting which patients are at higher risk of recurrence remains a challenge. Inflammation is known to... |
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| SubjectTerms | BCG BCG vaccines Biomarkers Bladder cancer Blood Blood platelets Cancer Cancer therapies Chemotherapy Development and progression Diseases Inflammation Invasiveness Leukocytes (neutrophilic) Lymph nodes Lymphatic system Lymphocytes Medical examination Medical prognosis Medical research Medicine, Experimental Metastases Multivariate analysis Neutrophils Patients Regression analysis Relapse Tumors Urological surgery Variables |
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| Title | Prognostic Value of PLR, SIRI, PIV, SII, and NLR in Non-Muscle Invasive Bladder Cancer: Can Inflammatory Factors Influence Pathogenesis and Outcomes? |
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