Prognostic Value of PLR, SIRI, PIV, SII, and NLR in Non-Muscle Invasive Bladder Cancer: Can Inflammatory Factors Influence Pathogenesis and Outcomes?

• Published in: Cancers Vol. 17; no. 13; p. 2189
• Main Authors: Bizzarri, Francesco Pio, Campetella, Marco, Russo, Pierluigi, Palermo, Giuseppe, Moosavi, Seyed Koosha, Rossi, Francesco, D’Amico, Lorenzo, Cretì, Antonio, Gavi, Filippo, Panio, Enrico, Presutti, Simona, Bellavia, Fabrizio, Ragonese, Mauro, Ciccarese, Chiara, Iacovelli, Roberto, Sighinolfi, Maria Chiara, Racioppi, Marco, Sacco, Emilio, Rocco, Bernardo
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Switzerland MDPI AG 28.06.2025; MDPI
• Subjects: BCG; BCG vaccines; Biomarkers; Bladder cancer; Blood; Blood platelets; Cancer; Cancer therapies; Chemotherapy; Development and progression; Diseases; Inflammation; Invasiveness; Leukocytes (neutrophilic); Lymph nodes; Lymphatic system; Lymphocytes; Medical examination; Medical prognosis; Medical research; Medicine, Experimental; Metastases; Multivariate analysis; Neutrophils; Patients; Regression analysis; Relapse; Tumors; Urological surgery; Variables; Italy; Taiwan; non-muscle invasive bladder cancer; inflammatory factors; bladder cancer
• ISSN: 2072-6694; 2072-6694
• DOI: 10.3390/cancers17132189

Background/Objectives: Given the increasing interest in the predictive role of inflammation in oncology, we aimed to assess the association between inflammatory factors (IFs) and the histopathological characteristics of bladder cancer (BC). Our objective was to correlate some of these IFs with BC progression and recurrence, identifying possible new diagnostic tools. Methods: We retrospectively analyzed 285 patients (79.8% male, 20.4% female; median age 73) who underwent transurethral resection of the bladder (TURB) between January 2016 and January 2022. The preoperative neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio (PLR), systemic immune-inflammation index (SII), pan-immune-inflammation value (PIV), systemic inflammation response index (SIRI), and standard clinical variables were collected one month before TURB and evaluated as predictors of recurrence and progression. Patients were stratified using the Youden Index and ROC analysis. Cox regression models were applied to identify independent predictors. Results: High-grade tumors were present in 74.6% of cases, and 34% were recurrent. Carcinoma in situ was found in 5%. After 72 months, 53% underwent radical cystectomy, and 13.7% died within 5 years. The optimal cutoffs were PLR 139, SIRI 1.12, PIV 248.49, NLR 2, SII 327. Smoking, primary MIBC, age, and lymph node status were significantly associated with recurrence. Elevated PLR correlated with recurrence and T2 progression (p = 0.004). Higher SIRI, PIV, and PLR levels were significantly associated with lymphovascular invasion and nodal metastasis (p < 0.05). PLR was linked to recurrence in tumors ≥ 3 cm post-BCG (p = 0.004); high SIRI predicted recurrence within 48 months (p = 0.05). Conclusions: High PLR and SIRI levels were associated with recurrence. Our findings support the emerging role of IFs in predicting BC outcomes and suggest their potential inclusion in future prognostic models.