Snoring, obstructive sleep apnea, and upper respiratory tract infection in elementary school children in Japan

• Published in: Sleep & breathing Vol. 28; no. 2; pp. 629 - 637
• Main Authors: Kitazawa, Takayuki, Wada, Hiroo, Onuki, Keisuke, Furuya, Ritsuko, Miyakawa, Mariko, Zhu, Qinye, Ueda, Yuito, Sato, Setsuko, Kameda, Yoshihito, Nakano, Hiroshi, Gozal, David, Tanigawa, Takeshi
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Cham Springer International Publishing 01.05.2024; Springer Nature B.V
• Subjects: Apnea; Child; Children; Common cold; Cross-Sectional Studies; Dentistry; Elementary schools; Female; Humans; Internal Medicine; Japan - epidemiology; Male; Medicine; Medicine & Public Health; Neurology; Otorhinolaryngology; Pediatrics; Pneumology/Respiratory System; Respiratory tract infection; Respiratory Tract Infections - epidemiology; Sleep apnea; Sleep Apnea, Obstructive - diagnosis; Sleep Apnea, Obstructive - epidemiology; Sleep Breathing Physiology and Disorders • Original Article; Sleep disorders; Snoring - epidemiology; Japan; Children; Apnea–hypopnea index; Upper respiratory tract infections; Obstructive sleep apnea; Snoring
• ISSN: 1520-9512; 1522-1709; 1522-1709
• DOI: 10.1007/s11325-023-02932-y

Purpose Both obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) and the common cold are disorders of the upper respiratory tract, and may be associated. However, studies on the association between OSA and upper respiratory tract infections (URTI) in children are scarce. The aim of this study was to investigate possible associations between snoring, the severity of OSA, and URTI in elementary school children. Methods This was a cross-sectional study in a community cohort of elementary school children (first and second graders) in Japan. Information on sleep habits, history of URTI, and OSA risk was obtained from a parental questionnaire. Children underwent overnight tracheal sound recordings from which apnea–hypopnea index was estimated. Multivariable logistic analysis was employed to define the association between snoring, OSA, and URTI ≥ 3 episodes over six months. Results Of the 922 potential enrollees, 653 children and their parents (71%) agreed to participate in the study. Multivariable-adjusted ORs for URTI were 1.73 (95%CI: 1.16 to 2.59) in children who snored 1 to 4 nights per week and 2.82 (95%CI: 1.26 to 6.28) in snoring ≥ 5 nights per week compared with never snoring (reference). Likewise, subjectively reported louder snoring, as well as objectively defined louder sound levels, were significantly associated with URTI. In addition, OR for URTI in children with an estimated apnea–hypopnea index ≥ 2.0 events/hour was 2.65 (95%CI: 1.32 to 5.31) compared to children with apnea–hypopnea index less than 1.0 events/hour (reference). Conclusions Snoring and severity of OSA as measured by nocturnal tracheal sound recordings were associated with increased susceptibility to URTI in elementary school children.