Enhanced permeability and retention effect: A key facilitator for solid tumor targeting by nanoparticles

•This paper discusses in detail the prospective ways to use various existing treatment modalities to enhance the EPR effect.•The article also focuses on the active and passive targeting and the mechanism by which they target to improve the EPR effect.•This article describes a range of recently desig...

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Published inPhotodiagnosis and photodynamic therapy Vol. 39; p. 102915
Main Authors Shinde, Vinod Ravasaheb, Revi, Neeraja, Murugappan, Sivasubramanian, Singh, Surya Prakash, Rengan, Aravind Kumar
Format Journal Article
LanguageEnglish
Published Netherlands Elsevier B.V 01.09.2022
Subjects
EPR
Extravasation
Microbubble
Microenvironment
Nanoparticles
PDT
Pharmacokinetics
Photodynamic Therapy
PTT
Ultrasound
Nanoparticles
PTT
PDT
Microbubble
EPR
Extravasation
Microenvironment
Photodynamic Therapy
Pharmacokinetics
Ultrasound
Enhanced Permeability and Retention (EPR) effect
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ISSN1572-1000
1873-1597
1873-1597
DOI10.1016/j.pdpdt.2022.102915

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Summary:•This paper discusses in detail the prospective ways to use various existing treatment modalities to enhance the EPR effect.•The article also focuses on the active and passive targeting and the mechanism by which they target to improve the EPR effect.•This article describes a range of recently designed nanoformulations reported to exhibit enhanced EPR effect.•A special focus has been given on combination therapy for in vitro or in vivo studies that help in achieving a synergistic EPR effect. Exploring the enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect through therapeutic nanoparticles has been a subject of considerable interest in tumor biology. This passive targeting based phenomenon exploits the leaky blood vasculature and the defective lymphatic drainage system of the heterogeneous tumor microenvironment resulting in enhanced preferential accumulation of the nanoparticles within the tumor tissues. This article reviews the fundamental studies to assess how the EPR effect plays an essential role in passive targeting. Further, it summarizes various therapeutic modalities of nanoformulation including chemo-photodynamic therapy, intravascular drug release, and photothermal immunotherapy to combat cancer using enhanced EPR effect in neoplasia region.
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ISSN:1572-1000
1873-1597
1873-1597
DOI:10.1016/j.pdpdt.2022.102915