Cognitive Impairment Before Cardiac Surgery: A Prospective Single-Center Observational Analysis

• Published in: Journal of clinical medicine Vol. 14; no. 6; p. 1853
• Main Authors: Perdomo, Juan M., López-Baamonde, Manuel, Gimeno-Santos, Elena, Navarro-Ripoll, Ricard, Arguis, María José, López-Hernández, Antonio, Tort-Merino, Adrià, Balasa, Mircea, Sebio-Garcia, Raquel, Rivas, Eva, Martínez-Pallí, Graciela
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Switzerland MDPI AG 10.03.2025; MDPI
• Subjects: Cardiac patients; Cardiovascular diseases; Cognitive ability; Diagnostics; Exercise; Frailty; Health risks; Heart surgery; Medical research; Medicine, Experimental; Observational studies; Patients; Phonetics; Physical fitness; Risk factors; Spain; United States > US; cardiac surgery; physical fitness; perioperative cognitive disorders; preoperative assessment
• ISSN: 2077-0383; 2077-0383
• DOI: 10.3390/jcm14061853

Background/Objectives: We aimed at evaluating the prevalence of cognitive impairment before cardiac surgery, its associated risk factors, and the diagnostic performance of cognitive tests. Methods: This prospective, single-center observational study included patients aged 50 years or older with coronary artery and/or valvular heart disease waiting for cardiac surgery. Patients underwent a cognitive and physical assessment before cardiac surgery. The cognitive assessment included eight tests exploring different cognitive domains and two questions exploring subjective cognitive complaints. Physical assessment included functional capacity and physical activity level. Cognitive tests with adjusted scores below 1.5 or more standard deviations from cognitively unimpaired subjects were considered abnormal. Cognitive impairment was defined as two or more abnormal cognitive tests. Results: We identified objective cognitive impairment in 41 out of 134 patients (31%). Interestingly, 66% of patients with objective cognitive impairment did not report any complaints. Moreover, similar complaints were reported among patients with and without objective cognitive impairment. The combination of Phonetic Fluency Test, Trail Making Test B, Digit Modalities Test, and the digit span forwards from the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale yielded the best diagnostic accuracy (AUC: 0.88; 95 CI: 0.82–0.93). Finally, cognitive impairment was associated with a worse Sit-To-Stand performance. Conclusions: Objective cognitive impairment before cardiac surgery is prevalent but subjective cognitive complaints are unreliable. We propose a combination of four cognitive tests with an efficient diagnostic profile to enhance its clinical applicability.