Discovering cognitive strategies with tiny recurrent neural networks

• Published in: Nature (London) Vol. 644; no. 8078; pp. 993 - 1001
• Main Authors: Ji-An, Li, Benna, Marcus K., Mattar, Marcelo G.
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: London Nature Publishing Group UK 28.08.2025; Nature Publishing Group
• Subjects: 631/114/2397; 631/378/116/2396; 631/477/2811; 64/60; 64/86; Agents (artificial intelligence); Algorithms; Animal behavior; Animal cognition; Animals; Artificial Intelligence; Bayes Theorem; Bayesian analysis; Choice Behavior - physiology; Cognition; Cognition - physiology; Cognitive models; Cognitive tasks; Datasets; Decision making; Decision Making - physiology; Female; Humanities and Social Sciences; Humans; Learning - physiology; Machine learning; Male; Mathematical models; Modelling; Models, Neurological; multidisciplinary; Neural networks; Probability; Recurrent Neural Networks; Reinforcement; Reinforcement, Psychology; Reward; Science; Science (multidisciplinary); Variables
• ISSN: 0028-0836; 1476-4687; 1476-4687
• DOI: 10.1038/s41586-025-09142-4

Understanding how animals and humans learn from experience to make adaptive decisions is a fundamental goal of neuroscience and psychology. Normative modelling frameworks such as Bayesian inference 1 and reinforcement learning 2 provide valuable insights into the principles governing adaptive behaviour. However, the simplicity of these frameworks often limits their ability to capture realistic biological behaviour, leading to cycles of handcrafted adjustments that are prone to researcher subjectivity. Here we present a novel modelling approach that leverages recurrent neural networks to discover the cognitive algorithms governing biological decision-making. We show that neural networks with just one to four units often outperform classical cognitive models and match larger neural networks in predicting the choices of individual animals and humans, across six well-studied reward-learning tasks. Critically, we can interpret the trained networks using dynamical systems concepts, enabling a unified comparison of cognitive models and revealing detailed mechanisms underlying choice behaviour. Our approach also estimates the dimensionality of behaviour 3 and offers insights into algorithms learned by meta-reinforcement learning artificial intelligence agents. Overall, we present a systematic approach for discovering interpretable cognitive strategies in decision-making, offering insights into neural mechanisms and a foundation for studying healthy and dysfunctional cognition. Modelling biological decision-making with tiny recurrent neural networks enables more accurate predictions of animal choices than classical cognitive models and offers insights into the underlying cognitive strategies and neural mechanisms.