Impairment of cell and plasma redox state in subjects professionally exposed to chromium

• Published in: American journal of industrial medicine Vol. 46; no. 2; pp. 120 - 125
• Main Authors: Mattia, Giancarlo De, Bravi, Maria Cristina, Laurenti, Oriana, Luca, Orietta De, Palmeri, Alessandro, Sabatucci, Antonio, Mendico, Gino, Ghiselli, Andrea
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Hoboken Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company 01.08.2004; Wiley-Liss
• Subjects: Adult; ascorbic acid; Ascorbic Acid - blood; Biological and medical sciences; Chemical and industrial products toxicology. Toxic occupational diseases; Chromium; Erythrocytes - chemistry; Erythrocytes - metabolism; Female; glutathione; Glutathione - blood; Humans; Lipid Peroxidation; Male; Medical sciences; Metals and various inorganic compounds; Middle Aged; Occupational Exposure; Oxidation-Reduction; oxidative stress; Oxidative Stress - physiology; reactive oxygen species; Toxicology; Human; Redox state; Oxidative stress; ascorbic acid; Toxicity; Red blood cell; Antioxidant; Occupational exposure; Heavy metal; Blood plasma; reactive oxygen species; Chromium; Occupational medicine; Glutathione
• ISSN: 0271-3586; 1097-0274
• DOI: 10.1002/ajim.20044

Background Chromium (Cr) is widely used in chemical, tannery, building, and metal industries. More recently, it has been demonstrated that Cr induces oxidative stress in mouse brain. Nevertheless very few data exist on in vivo oxidative damage in humans exposed to Cr. Methods Changes in antioxidant parameters both in plasma (acid ascorbic redox state and total antioxidant capacity) and in red blood cells (glutathione (GSH) redox state) of 40 subjects (age 37.65 ± 7.46; M/F 20/20) professionally exposed to Cr who were recruited from metal, chemistry, and building industries were evaluated. We also evaluated the levels of lipoperoxidation (thiobarbituric acid‐reactive material, TBA‐RM) and thiol levels in plasma to assess the extent of oxidative stress state. To evaluate Cr exposure rate, we measured urinary‐chromium (U‐Cr) by an electrothermic atomization‐atomic absorption spectrometry (ETA‐AAS) method. Results In this study, we found that Cr exposure induced a decrease both in GSH (P < 0.0005) and GSH/oxidized glutathione (GSSG) ratio (P < 0.0001) in red blood cells from workers with respect to control subjects. Furthermore, we also demonstrated a significant decrease of plasma acid ascorbic levels (45.7 ± 14.9 vs. 53.5 ± 16.5 μmol/L; P < 0.05) and in total plasma antioxidant capacity (1,126.3 ± 212.2 vs. 1,266.9 ± 207.8 μmol/L; P < 0.05) in subjects exposed to Cr. No difference was found with regard to TBA‐RM and thiol levels. Conclusions This study demonstrated that in humans, an oxidative stress occurs for Cr exposures as low as those considered safe. This oxidative stress appears to be able to affect intracellular and plasmatic antioxidant defense. Am. J. Ind. Med. 46:120–125, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.