High interleukin-35 expression is associated with the severity of rheumatic mitral stenosis

• Published in: Frontiers in immunology Vol. 16; p. 1537497
• Main Authors: Wang, Ping, Li, Yaxiong, Zhao, Li, Liu, Bin, Cai, Zhibin, Zhang, Peng, Li, Peng, Gao, Xuezhen, Zhan, Yong
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Switzerland Frontiers Media S.A 08.04.2025
• Subjects: Adult; Biomarkers; Case-Control Studies; cytokine; Disease Progression; EBI3; Female; Humans; Immunology; interleukin-35 (IL-35); Interleukins - blood; Interleukins - metabolism; Male; Middle Aged; Minor Histocompatibility Antigens - metabolism; Mitral Valve - metabolism; Mitral Valve - pathology; Mitral Valve Stenosis - blood; Mitral Valve Stenosis - diagnosis; Mitral Valve Stenosis - etiology; Mitral Valve Stenosis - immunology; Mitral Valve Stenosis - metabolism; Mitral Valve Stenosis - pathology; p35; Rheumatic Heart Disease - blood; Rheumatic Heart Disease - diagnosis; Rheumatic Heart Disease - immunology; Rheumatic Heart Disease - metabolism; rheumatic mitral stenosis; Severity of Illness Index; Young Adult; cytokine; p35; interleukin-35 (IL-35); rheumatic mitral stenosis; EBI3
• ISSN: 1664-3224; 1664-3224
• DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2025.1537497

Rheumatic mitral stenosis (RMS) is the most common manifestation of rheumatic heart disease, with high morbidity and mortality. Interleukin-35 (IL-35) is a novel anti-inflammatory cytokine associated with many autoimmune diseases. However, the relation between IL-35 expression and RMS remains unknown. We aimed to study IL-35 expression in RMS and its association with disease progression. IL-35 concentration was analyzed in blood samples from 40 patients, including 20 moderate, 20 severe RMS, and 20 healthy controls by ELISA. Mitral valve (MV) IL-35 expression was determined by western blot and immunohistochemistry in patients with RMS (22 and 29 cases, respectively) in comparison to control specimens with mitral valve prolapsed (5 cases, respectively). IL-35 levels were significantly elevated in the blood of the RMS patients compared to those from healthy subjects(p<0.05) and positively correlated with the severity of RMS (r=0.317, p<0.05). The expression of IL-35 and its subunits (p35 and EBI3) was also detected in MV tissues of patients with moderate or severe RMS. The expression of IL-35 and its subunits (p35 and EBI3) had a positive association with the severity of RMS in MV tissues (r=0.528, p<0.01; r=0.561, p<0.001; r=0.456, p<0.01). Co-localization of p35 and EBI3 was seen in MV tissues of RMS patients in a predominantly perivascular pattern. We show for the first time an increase of IL-35 level in the blood and MV tissues of RMS patients, which is strongly correlated with the severity of RMS. These results suggest that IL-35 plays an important regulatory role in the progression of RMS.