Heart failure and co-morbidities confer a negative prognosis in COVID-19 infection

• Published in: International journal of cardiology Vol. 437; p. 133492
• Main Authors: Pontiroli, Antonio E., Ambrosio, Giuseppe, Leoni, Olivia, Forlani, Marco, Antonelli, Barbara, Gronda, Edoardo, Palazzuoli, Alberto, Bandera, Francesco, Galati, Giuseppe, Tagliabue, Elena
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Netherlands Elsevier B.V 15.10.2025
• Subjects: Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; All-cause mortality; Charlson index; Co-morbidities; Comorbidity; COVID-19; COVID-19 - diagnosis; COVID-19 - epidemiology; COVID-19 - mortality; Female; Heart failure; Heart Failure - diagnosis; Heart Failure - epidemiology; Heart Failure - mortality; Hospital admissions; Hospitalization - statistics & numerical data; Hospitalization - trends; Humans; Incidence; Infection; Italy - epidemiology; Male; Middle Aged; Prognosis; Retrospective Studies; Risk Factors; Italy; Heart failure; COVID-19; Infection; Charlson index; All-cause mortality; CV; Co-morbidities; Hospital admissions; SARS; MERS; HF
• ISSN: 0167-5273; 1874-1754; 1874-1754
• DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2025.133492

Since early reports, it has been shown that cardiovascular (CV) diseases, including heart failure (HF), represent a risk factor for infection, hospital admissions and mortality from COVID-19. The COVID-19 pandemics has been of major importance in Italy and in the Lombardy Region. Aims of this study were to compare COVID-19 infection in HF and No-HF subjects, and to quantify among HF patients the risk for COVID-19 infection and all-cause mortality. All consecutive patients (98,549) with at least one hospital discharge of HF (primary diagnosis) during January 1st, 2015, to December 31st, 2019, were identified in the Lombardy Region Database (>10 million inhabitants), and compared with No-HF subjects (394,104 with a lower age limit 40 years), randomly chosen in a 4:1 proportion among hospitalized patients. The whole cohort of cases of COVID-19 infection, laboratory-confirmed by RT-PCR, aged >40 years, diagnosed from the beginning of the epidemic on 21 February 2020 to 1 October 2020 was studied. The study outcomes were: occurrence, hospitalization, and death in COVID-19 cases. Results. Incidence of COVID-19 increased with age in both HF (p < 0.001) and No-HF patients (p < 0.001); cases (and incidence rates, IR) were 8,648 (IR = 29.653 × 100.000) in HF and 14,256 (IR = 10.195) and in No-HF (p < 0.001); hospital admissions were 4,974 (IR = 14.970) and 4,943 (IR = 3.484), respectively (p 〈0001); deaths were 7,650 (IR = 5.368) and 18,368 (IR = 56.921), respectively (p < 0.001); the incidence rate ratio (IRR) was 2.909 (95 % C.I. 2.908–2.909) for infection (p < 0.001), 4.297 (95 % C.I. 4.296–4.297) for hospital admission (p < 0.001), and 10.603 (95 % C.I.10.602–10.604) for mortality (p < 0.001). The excess IRR for mortality varied from 25.001 (95 % C.I. 24.971–25.032) for the age decade 40–49 to 1.925 (95 % C.I. 1.923–1.926) for the age decade 100–109. Among HF patients, age (OR = 1.087, 95 % C.I.1.05–1.088), male sex (OR = 1.27, 95 % C.I. 1.23–1.31), number of hospital admissions for HF during the period 2015–2019 (OR = 2.22, 95 % C.I. 2.11–2.33), co-morbidities (OR = 1.33, 95 % C.I. 1.32–1.35), or Charlson Index (OR = 1.21, 95 % C.I. 1.20–1.22), were risk factors for both infection and all-cause mortality at univariable and at multivariable analysis. Infections, hospital admissions, and mortality for COVID-19 increased with age and male sex were more frequent in HF than in No-HF patients. Among HF patients, age and sex, number of hospital admissions for HF, co-morbidities, were risk factors for both infection and mortality. These data are of relevance for prioritizing interventions for prevention of infection, and for assistance to patients with COVID-19, and to inform management of future pandemics. •We compared COVID-19 infection in patients with (98,549) and without (394,104) heart failure (HF and No-HF) of Lombardy Region, February to October 2020.•Frequency of all outcomes (infection, hospitalization and death) increased with age, more in HF than in No-HF patients.•Among HF patients risk factors for infection and for all-cause mortality were age, sex, previous hospital HF admissions, co-morbidities, Charlson Index.•These data are of relevance for prevention of COVID-19 infection, for assistance to patients, and to inform management of future pandemics.