Aqueous picloram degradation by hydroxyl radicals: Unveiling mechanism, kinetics, and ecotoxicity through experimental and theoretical approaches

• Published in: Chemosphere (Oxford) Vol. 278; p. 130401
• Main Authors: Sanches-Neto, Flávio O., Ramos, Bruno, Lastre-Acosta, Arlen M., Teixeira, Antonio Carlos S.C., Carvalho-Silva, Valter H.
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: England Elsevier Ltd 01.09.2021
• Subjects: [formula omitted]-TST; AOPs; DFT; ecotoxicology; human health; Organic contaminant degradation; Pesticides; photolysis; picloram; risk assessment; solar radiation; temperature; toxicity; d-TST; DFT; Organic contaminant degradation; Pesticides; AOPs; TST
• ISSN: 0045-6535; 1879-1298; 1879-1298
• DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.130401

Pesticides are chemical compounds widely used to combat pests in crops, and they thus play a key role in agricultural production. However, due to their persistence in aquatic environments, even at low concentrations, their use has been considered an environmental problem and caused concern regarding the adverse effects on human health. This paper reports, for the first time, the mechanisms, kinetics, and an evaluation of the toxicity of picloram degradation initiated by OH radicals in the aqueous environment using quantum chemistry and computational toxicology calculations. The rate constants are calculated using a combination of formulations derived from the Transition State Theory in a realistic temperature range (250–310 K). The results indicate that the two favorable pathways (R1 and R5) of OH -based reactions occur by addition to the pyridine ring. The calculated rate constant at 298 K is compared with the overall second-order reaction rate constant, quantified herein experimentally via the competition kinetics method and data available in the literature showing an excellent agreement. The toxicity assessment and a photolysis study provide important information: i) picloram and the majority of degradation products are estimated as harmful; however, ii) these compounds can suffer photolysis in sunlight. The results of the present study can help understand the mechanism of picloram, also providing important clues regarding risk assessment in aquatic environments as well as novel experimental information. [Display omitted] •Rate constants were estimated by experimental and theoretical approaches.•Topological analyses and Fukui functions were calculated.•Toxicity assessment was performed using the ECOSAR computational package.•The photolysis study was performed by TD-DFT.