Regional hard coral distribution within geomorphic and reef flat ecological zones determined by satellite imagery of the Xisha Islands, South China Sea

• Published in: Chinese journal of oceanology and limnology Vol. 35; no. 3; pp. 501 - 514
• Main Author: 左秀玲 苏奋振 赵焕庭 张君珏 王琦 吴迪
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Heidelberg Science Press 01.05.2017; Springer Nature B.V
• Subjects: Acidification; Algae; Atolls; Biology; Climate change; Coral reefs; Corals; Distribution; Earth and Environmental Science; Earth Sciences; ecological zones; ecosystems; Equilibrium; Flats (landforms); Geomorphology; Global warming; image analysis; Islands; Lagoons; Landsat; Landsat satellites; Marine; Ocean acidification; Oceanography; Remote sensing; Satellite imagery; Sheltered habitats; South China Sea; Spatial distribution; Strategic management; Surveys; 南海; 卫星图像; 地貌; 珊瑚礁; 生态区; 生态系统; 西沙群岛; 覆盖率; South China Sea; South China Sea; remote sensing; Xisha Islands; coral reef; geomorphic zone
• ISSN: 0254-4059; 2096-5508; 1993-5005; 2523-3521
• DOI: 10.1007/s00343-017-5336-x

Coral reefs in the Xisha Islands （also known as the Paracel Islands in English）, South China Sea, have experienced dramatic declines in coral cover. However, the current regional scale hard coral distribution of geomorphic and ecological zones, essential for reefs management in the context of global warming and ocean acidification, is not well documented. We analyzed data from field surveys, Landsat-8 and GF-1 images to map the distribution of hard coral within geomorphic zones and reef fiat ecological zones. In situ surveys conducted in June 2014 on nine reefs provided a complete picture of reef status with regard to live coral diversity, evenness of coral cover and reef health （live versus dead cover） for the Xisha Islands. Mean coral cover was 12.5% in 2014 and damaged reefs seemed to show signs of recovery. Coral cover in sheltered habitats such as lagoon patch reefs and biotic dense zones of reef flats was higher, but there were large regional differences and low diversity. In contrast, the more exposed reef slopes had high coral diversity, along with high and more equal distributions of coral cover. Mean hard coral cover of other zones was 〈10%. The total Xisha reef system was estimated to cover 1 060 km2, and the emergent reefs covered -787 km2. Hard corals of emergent reefs were considered to cover 97 km2. The biotic dense zone of the reef flat was a very common zone on all simple atolls, especially the broader northern reef flats. The total cover of live and dead coral can reach above 70% in this zone, showing an equilibrium between live and dead coral as opposed to coral and algae. This information regarding the spatial distribution of hard coral can support and inform the management of Xisha reef ecosystems.