Artificial Intelligence Optimization of Polyaluminum Chloride (PAC) Dosage in Drinking Water Treatment: A Hybrid Genetic Algorithm–Neural Network Approach

• Published in: Computation Vol. 13; no. 8; p. 179
• Main Authors: Guamán-Lozada, Darío Fernando, Orozco Cantos, Lenin Santiago, Santillán Lima, Guido Patricio, Arias Arias, Fabian
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Basel MDPI AG 01.08.2025
• Subjects: Algorithms; Alkalinity; Aluminum; Artificial intelligence; Artificial neural networks; artificial neural networks (ANN); Automation; Cellulose acetate; Chloride; Chlorides; Coagulants; Coagulation; coagulation–flocculation modeling; Color; Compliance; Costs; Dosage; Drinking water; drinking water treatment; Efficiency; genetic algorithm optimization; Genetic algorithms; Genetic research; Health aspects; Hydraulics; Jar tests; Methods; Neural networks; Optimization; polyaluminum chloride (PAC); Purification; Quality control; Quality management; Quality standards; Sedimentation & deposition; Sustainable development; Technology application; Turbidity; Water; Water quality; Water treatment plants; Water utilities; Ecuador
• ISSN: 2079-3197; 2079-3197
• DOI: 10.3390/computation13080179

The accurate dosing of polyaluminum chloride (PAC) is essential for achieving effective coagulation in drinking water treatment, yet conventional methods such as jar tests are limited in their responsiveness and operational efficiency. This study proposes a hybrid modeling framework that integrates artificial neural networks (ANN) with genetic algorithms (GA) to optimize PAC dosage under variable raw water conditions. Operational data from 400 jar test experiments, collected between 2022 and 2024 at the Yanahurco water treatment plant (Ecuador), were used to train an ANN model capable of predicting six post-treatment water quality indicators, including turbidity, color, and pH. The ANN achieved excellent predictive accuracy (R2 > 0.95 for turbidity and color), supporting its use as a surrogate model within a GA-based optimization scheme. The genetic algorithm evaluated dosage strategies by minimizing treatment costs while enforcing compliance with national water quality standards. The results revealed a bimodal dosing pattern, favoring low PAC dosages (~4 ppm) during routine conditions and higher dosages (~12 ppm) when influent quality declined. Optimization yielded a 49% reduction in median chemical costs and improved color compliance from 52% to 63%, while maintaining pH compliance above 97%. Turbidity remained a challenge under some conditions, indicating the potential benefit of complementary coagulants. The proposed ANN–GA approach offers a scalable and adaptive solution for enhancing chemical dosing efficiency in water treatment operations.