Fostering synergy between transit and Autonomous Mobility-on-Demand systems: A dynamic modeling approach for the morning commute problem

• Published in: Transportation research. Part A, Policy and practice Vol. 170; p. 103638
• Main Authors: Cortina, Mélanie, Chiabaut, Nicolas, Leclercq, Ludovic
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Elsevier Ltd 01.04.2023; Elsevier
• Subjects: Autonomous Mobility-On-Demand (AMoD); Corridor; Design; Engineering Sciences; Intermodal trips; Morning commute; User equilibrium (UE); Design; Corridor; User equilibrium (UE); Morning commute; Intermodal trips; Autonomous Mobility-On-Demand (AMoD)
• ISSN: 0965-8564; 1879-2375
• DOI: 10.1016/j.tra.2023.103638

Autonomous Mobility-On-Demand (AMoD) provides new options for the morning commute problem. The flexibility of AMoD could help to boost the attractiveness and accessibility of Public Transportation (PT). Intermodal AMoD systems could become a competitive alternative to personal cars. However, considering the convenience, comfort, and expected low fares of autonomous vehicles, there is a risk of competition between privately operated AMoD and PT. The joint design of PT and AMoD can foster their cooperation. This study investigates the joint PT-AMoD design problem in a many-to-one multimodal corridor where three transportation alternatives are available: full personal car on a congested freeway, walking and massive rapid transit (MRT), or autonomous vehicle (AV) and MRT. We introduce a simple dynamic model incorporating a time-dependent mode and route choice subject to user equilibrium (UE) constraints. The model presented: (i) accounts for how UE settles and evolves, (ii) provides insight on PT-AMoD cooperation opportunities and competition risks depending on the design choices, (iii) is compatible with design optimization heuristics. We apply the model to a realistic scenario based in the city of Lyon (France). The number of MRT stations, their locations, the number of AV fleets, and their coverage zone boundaries are optimized with a metaheuristic. The optimization is conducted according to three policies regarding AMoD (protectionism, opportunism, liberalism) and three priority objectives (maximize MRT usage, minimize travel times, reduce car usage). We formulate recommendations for the transportation authority by evaluating the potential benefits of each policy. •We compare a static and a dynamic model according to their ability to capture transit-AMoD cooperation or competition.•Direct or long first-mile scheme emerges from individual usages depending on the corridor design.•Segmenting the AMoD coverage zone reduces competition with transit.•We compare protectionism, opportunism, and liberal policies regarding AMoD.•Opportunism performs best, whatever the priority objective of the city.