Impact of Early Diabetic Ketoacidosis on the Developing Brain

• Published in: Diabetes care Vol. 42; no. 3; pp. 443 - 449
• Main Authors: Aye, Tandy, Mazaika, Paul K., Mauras, Nelly, Marzelli, Matthew J., Shen, Hanyang, Hershey, Tamara, Cato, Allison, Weinzimer, Stuart A., White, Neil H., Tsalikian, Eva, Jo, Booil, Reiss, Allan L., Tansey, Michael J., Coffey, Julie, Cabbage, Joanne, Salamati, Sara, Fox, Larry A., Englert, Kim, Sikes, Kaitlin, Buckingham, Bruce A., Wilson, Darrell M., Caswell, Kimberly, Ambers, Ellen, Tamborlane, William V., Steffen, Amy, Weyman, Kate, Zgorski, Melinda, Ambrosino, Jodie, Arbelaez, Ana Maria, Levandoski, Lucy, Starnes, Angie, Barnea-Goraly, Naama, Peng, Daniel X., Beck, Roy, Kollman, Craig, Ruedy, Katrina, Winer, Karen, Sperling, Mark, Becker, Dorothy M., Cleary, Patricia, Greenbaum, Carla, Moran, Antoinette
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: United States American Diabetes Association 01.03.2019
• Subjects: Age of Onset; Brain; Brain - diagnostic imaging; Brain - growth & development; Brain - physiopathology; Brain research; Case-Control Studies; Child; Child development; Child, Preschool; Children; Cognition - physiology; Cognition Disorders - diagnosis; Cognition Disorders - epidemiology; Cognition Disorders - etiology; Cognition Disorders - physiopathology; Cognitive ability; Data processing; Diabetes; Diabetes mellitus; Diabetes mellitus (insulin dependent); Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 - complications; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 - epidemiology; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 - physiopathology; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 - psychology; Diabetic ketoacidosis; Diabetic Ketoacidosis - diagnosis; Diabetic Ketoacidosis - epidemiology; Diabetic Ketoacidosis - physiopathology; Diabetic Ketoacidosis - psychology; Diagnosis; Female; Functional Neuroimaging; Humans; Intelligence; Ketoacidosis; Ketones; Learning; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Male; Neuroimaging; Pathophysiology/Complications; Performance tests; Preschool children; Severity of Illness Index; Substantia grisea
• ISSN: 0149-5992; 1935-5548; 1935-5548
• DOI: 10.2337/dc18-1405

This study examined whether a history of diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) is associated with changes in longitudinal cognitive and brain development in young children with type 1 diabetes. Cognitive and brain imaging data were analyzed from 144 children with type 1 diabetes, ages 4 to <10 years, who participated in an observational study of the Diabetes Research in Children Network (DirecNet). Participants were grouped according to history of DKA severity (none/mild or moderate/severe). Each participant had unsedated MRI scans and cognitive testing at baseline and 18 months. In 48 of 51 subjects, the DKA event occurred at the time of onset, at an average of 2.9 years before study entry. The moderate/severe DKA group gained more total and regional white and gray matter volume over the observed 18 months compared with the none/mild group. When matched by age at time of enrollment and average HbA during the 18-month interval, participants who had a history of moderate/severe DKA compared with none/mild DKA were observed to have significantly lower Full Scale Intelligence Quotient scores and cognitive performance on the Detectability and Commission subtests of the Conners' Continuous Performance Test II and the Dot Locations subtest of the Children's Memory Scale. A single episode of moderate/severe DKA in young children at diagnosis is associated with lower cognitive scores and altered brain growth. Further studies are needed to assess whether earlier diagnosis of type 1 diabetes and prevention of DKA may reduce the long-term effect of ketoacidosis on the developing brain.