MRI Retrospective Respiratory Gating and Cardiac Sensing by CW Doppler Radar: A Feasibility Study

• Published in: IEEE transactions on biomedical engineering Vol. 72; no. 1; pp. 112 - 122
• Main Authors: Lee, Wonje, Ryu, Kanghyun, Li, Zhitao, Oscanoa, Julio, Wu, Yuxin, Robb, Fraser, Vasanawala, Shreyas, Pauly, John, Scott, Greig
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: United States IEEE 01.01.2025; The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. (IEEE)
• Subjects: Adult; Algorithms; Contact; Continuous wave radar; CW Doppler radar; Demodulation; Doppler radar; EKG; Electrocardiography; Electrocardiography - methods; Feasibility Studies; Gating; Heart rate; Heart Rate - physiology; Humans; Magnetic resonance imaging; Magnetic Resonance Imaging - methods; Male; motion correction; motion sensing; MR compatibility; Navigation; navigator; Phantoms, Imaging; Plethysmography; Population studies; Radar; Radar antennas; Radar imaging; Radio frequency; Radio signals; Respiration; Respiratory-Gated Imaging Techniques - methods; SDR; Sensors; Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted; Signal to noise ratio; Software radio; Synchronism; Synchronization
• ISSN: 0018-9294; 1558-2531; 1558-2531
• DOI: 10.1109/TBME.2024.3440317

Objective: This study investigates the feasibility of non-contact retrospective respiratory gating and cardiac sensing using continuous wave Doppler radar deployed in an MRI system. The proposed technique can complement existing sensors which are difficult to apply for certain patient populations. Methods : We leverage a software-defined radio for continuous wave radar at 2.4 GHz to detect in-vivo respiratory and cardiac time-scrolled signals. In-bore radar signal demodulation is verified with full electromagnetic simulations, and its functionality is validated on a test bench and within the MR bore with four normal subjects. Radar sensing was compared against well-known references: electrocardiography on a test bench, system bellows, and pulsed plethysmography sensors within the MRI bore. Results : The feasibility of non-contact cardiac rate sensing, dynamic breathing sequence synchronization, and in-bore motion correction for retrospective respiratory gating applications was demonstrated. Optimal radar front-end system arrangement, along with spectral isolation and narrow bandwidth of operation, enable MRI-compatible and interference-free motion sensing. The signal-to-noise-ratio degradation by the radar integration was within 4.5% on phantom images. Conclusion : We confirmed that in-bore retrospective motion correction using CW Doppler radar is feasible without MRI system constraints. Significance : Non-contact motion correction sensing in MRI may provide better patient handling and throughput by complementing existing system sensors and motion correction algorithms.