Development of a Low-Cost Medical Ultrasound Scanner Using a Monostatic Synthetic Aperture

• Published in: IEEE transactions on biomedical circuits and systems Vol. 11; no. 4; pp. 849 - 857
• Main Authors: van den Heuvel, Thomas L. A., Graham, David J., Smith, Kristopher J., de Korte, Chris L., Neasham, Jeffrey A.
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: United States IEEE 01.08.2017; The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. (IEEE)
• Subjects: Acoustic emission; Acoustic noise; Apertures; Developing countries; Equipment Design; Experiments; Female; Health risks; Humans; Image acquisition; Image processing; Image quality; Industrial engineering; LDCs; Low cost; Low cost imaging; Manufacturing engineering; Markets; Maternal Mortality; Mortality risk; Obstetrics; Obstetrics - instrumentation; Phantoms; Phantoms, Imaging; Piezoelectricity; Pregnancy; Probes; Production costs; Prototypes; Quantitative analysis; Risk analysis; Risk Factors; Scanners; Signal to noise ratio; single element; synthetic aperture; Transducers; Ultrasonic imaging; Ultrasonic methods; Ultrasonic scanners; Ultrasonic testing; Ultrasonography - instrumentation; ultrasound
• ISSN: 1932-4545; 1940-9990; 1940-9990
• DOI: 10.1109/TBCAS.2017.2695240

Objective: In this paper, we present the design of low-cost medical ultrasound scanners aimed at the detection of maternal mortality risk factors in developing countries. Method: Modern ultrasound scanners typically employ a high element count transducer array with multichannel transmit and receive electronics. To minimize hardware costs, we employ a single piezoelectric element, mechanically swept across the target scene, and a highly cost-engineered single channel acquisition circuit. Given this constraint, we compare the achievable image quality of a monostatic fixed focus scanner (MFFS) with a monostatic synthetic aperture scanner (MSAS) using postfocusing. Quantitative analysis of image quality was carried out using simulation and phantom experiments, which were used to compare a proof-of-concept MSAS prototype with an MFFS device currently available on the market. Finally, in vivo experiments were performed to validate the MSAS prototype in obstetric imaging. Results: Simulations show that the achievable lateral resolution of the MSAS approach is superior at all ranges compared to the fixed focus approach. Phantom experiments verify the improved resolution of the MSAS prototype but reveal a lower signal to noise ratio. In vivo experiments show promising results using the MSAS for clinical diagnostics in prenatal care. Conclusion: The proposed MSAS achieves superior resolution but lower SNR compared to an MFFS approach, principally due to lower acoustic energy emitted. Significance : The production costs of the proposed MSAS could be an order of magnitude lower than any other ultrasound system on the market today, bringing affordable obstetric imaging a step closer for developing countries.