Evaluation of the Predictive Ability and User Acceptance of Panoramix 2.0, an AI-Based E-Health Tool for the Detection of Cognitive Impairment

• Published in: Electronics (Basel) Vol. 11; no. 21; p. 3424
• Main Authors: Valladares-Rodríguez, Sonia, Fernández-Iglesias, Manuel J., Anido-Rifón, Luis E., Pacheco-Lorenzo, Moisés
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Basel MDPI AG 01.11.2022
• Subjects: Age; Algorithms; Alzheimer's disease; Artificial intelligence; Classification; Cognitive ability; Computer & video games; Computer-aided medical diagnosis; Confounding (Statistics); Coronaviruses; Degeneration; Dementia; Demographics; Design; Executive function; Experiments; Gamification; Health care; Impairment; Machine learning; Medical informatics; Medical personnel; Memory; Multilayer perceptrons; Nervous system; Neuropsychology; Optimization; Perceptions; Performance measurement; Questionnaires; Semantics; Socialization; Support vector machines; Technology Acceptance Model; Virtual reality; Spain
• ISSN: 2079-9292; 2079-9292
• DOI: 10.3390/electronics11213424

The high prevalence of Alzheimer-type dementia and the limitations of traditional neuropsychological tests motivate the introduction of new cognitive assessment methods. We discuss the validation of an all-digital, ecological and non-intrusive e-health application for the early detection of cognitive impairment, based on artificial intelligence for patient classification, and more specifically on machine learning algorithms. To evaluate the discrimination power of this application, a cross-sectional pilot study was carried out involving 30 subjects: 10 health control subjects (mean age: 75.62 years); 14 individuals with mild cognitive impairment (mean age: 81.24 years) and 6 early-stage Alzheimer’s patients (mean age: 80.44 years). The study was carried out in two separate sessions in November 2021 and January 2022. All participants completed the study, and no concerns were raised about the acceptability of the test. Analysis including socio-demographics and game data supports the prediction of participants’ cognitive status using machine learning algorithms. According to the performance metrics computed, best classification results are obtained a Multilayer Perceptron classifier, Support Vector Machines and Random Forest, respectively, with weighted recall values >= 0.9784 ± 0.0265 and F1-score = 0.9764 ± 0.0291. Furthermore, thanks to hyper-parameter optimization, false negative rates were dramatically reduced. Shapley’s additive planning (SHAP) applied according to the eXplicable AI (XAI) method, made it possible to visually and quantitatively evaluate the importance of the different features in the final classification. This is a relevant step ahead towards the use of machine learning and gamification to early detect cognitive impairment. In addition, this tool was designed to support self-administration, which could be a relevant aspect in confinement situations with limited access to health professionals. However, further research is required to identify patterns that may help to predict or estimate future cognitive damage and normative data.