Kinematic strategies for lowering of upper limbs during suggestions of heaviness: a real-simulator design

• Published in: Experimental brain research Vol. 162; no. 1; pp. 35 - 45
• Main Authors: Santarcangelo, E. L., Cavallaro, E., Mazzoleni, S., Marano, E., Ghelarducci, B., Dario, P., Micera, S., Sebastiani, L.
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Berlin Springer 01.03.2005; Springer Nature B.V
• Subjects: Adult; Arm - physiology; Biological and medical sciences; Biomechanical Phenomena; Consciousness - physiology; Degenerative and inherited degenerative diseases of the nervous system. Leukodystrophies. Prion diseases; Frontal Lobe - physiology; Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology; Humans; Hypnosis; Illusions - physiology; Imagination - physiology; Medical sciences; Models, Neurological; Motor control and motor pathways. Reflexes. Control centers of vegetative functions. Vestibular system and equilibration; Movement - physiology; Neural Inhibition - physiology; Neurology; Suggestion; Vertebrates: nervous system and sense organs; Volition - physiology; Human; Selection; Humans; Involuntariness; Voluntary movement; Motor control; Hand; Posture; Wrist; Hypnotizability; Kinematics; Body movement; Perception; Strategy; Upper limb; Hypnosis
• ISSN: 0014-4819; 1432-1106
• DOI: 10.1007/s00221-004-2112-x

The aim of the experiment was to study possible differences between the kinematic strategies for the "involuntary" arm lowering of hypnotized highly susceptible subjects (H-Highs) and for the voluntary movement of non-hypnotizable simulators (Sims) during suggestions of arm heaviness (Part I). In addition, a comparison between awake susceptible subjects (W-Highs) and H-Highs was carried out to clarify the specific role of the hypnotic state and hypnotizability (Part II). Subjects' absorption and attentional/imagery capabilities were evaluated through neuropsychological tests. Their arm movements were monitored three-dimensionally at hand, wrist and elbow level through a Polhemus Fastrack system. A final interview collected self-reports concerning the perception of movement involuntariness. Neuropsychological tests showed better "absorption" and imagery capabilities in Highs. In the interview, H-Highs perceived a higher involvement in the task and greater involuntariness and difficulties in contrasting the arm lowering than the Sims. Kinematic analysis showed significant differences between H-Highs and Sims for arm displacements along the vertical axis and on the horizontal plane. In fact, the former lowered the left arm earlier and to a greater degree than the right arm; on the horizontal plane, a forearm flexion was observed for H-Highs on the right side. On comparing W-Highs and H-Highs, hypnosis appeared to magnify the waking motor strategies, but also to induce specific changes, mainly concerning the horizontal plane. These results cannot be interpreted on the basis of "role playing" and socio-cognitive factors. They are believed to be due to a balance between the effectiveness of the frontal executive control towards the selection of behaviors and movement automaticity, which is in line with the neo-dissociation theory of hypnosis.