Spatially localized image-dependent watermarking for statistical invisibility and collusion resistance

• Published in: IEEE transactions on multimedia Vol. 7; no. 1; pp. 52 - 66
• Main Authors: Su, K., Kundur, D., Hatzinakos, D.
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: New York, NY IEEE 01.02.2005; Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers; The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. (IEEE)
• Subjects: Algorithm design and analysis; Algorithms; Applied sciences; Artificial intelligence; Coding, codes; Computer science; control theory; systems; Correlation; Councils; Detectors; Exact sciences and technology; Feature extraction; Footprints; Frames; Image feature extraction; Information technology; Information, signal and communications theory; Laboratories; linear collusion; Pattern recognition. Digital image processing. Computational geometry; Proposals; robust digital video watermarking; Robustness; Signal and communications theory; Spread spectrum communication; statistical invisibility; Subframes; Telecommunications and information theory; Visibility; Watermarking; Video coding; Image feature extraction; Video signal; robust digital video watermarking; Stéganography; Image compression; Pattern recognition; linear collusion; statistical invisibility; Algorithm complexity; Feature extraction; Content-based retrieval; Pattern extraction; Digital watermarking
• ISSN: 1520-9210; 1941-0077
• DOI: 10.1109/TMM.2004.840614

We develop a novel video watermarking framework based on the collusion-resistant design rules formulated in a companion paper. We propose to employ a spatially-localized image dependent approach to create a watermark whose pairwise frame correlations approximate those of the host video. To characterize the spread of its spatially-localized energy distribution, the notion of a watermark footprint is introduced. Then we explain how a particular type of image dependent footprint structure, comprised of subframes centered around a set of visually significant anchor points, can lead to two advantageous results: pairwise watermark frame correlations that more closely match those of the host video for statistical invisibility, and the ability to apply image watermarks directly to a frame sequence without sacrificing collusion-resistance. In the ensuing overview of the proposed video watermark, two new ideas are put forward: synchronizing the subframe locations using visual content rather than structural markers and exploiting the inherent spatial diversity of the subframe-based watermark to improve detector performance. Simulation results are presented to show that the proposed scheme provides improved resistance to linear frame collusion, while still being embedded and extracted using relatively low complexity frame-based algorithms.