High-resolution axon reflex sweat testing for diagnosis of neuropathy

• Published in: Clinical autonomic research Vol. 29; no. 1; pp. 55 - 62
• Main Authors: Loavenbruck, Adam, Sit, Nathan, Provitera, Vincenzo, Kennedy, William
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Berlin/Heidelberg Springer Berlin Heidelberg 01.02.2019; Springer Nature B.V
• Subjects: Acetylcholine; Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Axons - physiology; Cardiology; Diabetes; Endocrinology; Female; Gastroenterology; Humans; Iodine; Iontophoresis; Iontophoresis - methods; Male; Medicine; Medicine & Public Health; Middle Aged; Neurology; Ophthalmology; Peripheral Nervous System Diseases - diagnosis; Peripheral Nervous System Diseases - physiopathology; Peripheral neuropathy; Reflex - physiology; Research Article; Skin; Starch; Sweat; Sweat - physiology; Sweat gland; Sweating; Sweating - physiology; Young Adult; Sweat testing; Quantitative sudomotor axon reflex testing; Axon reflex; Autonomic nervous system; Autonomic testing
• ISSN: 0959-9851; 1619-1560; 1619-1560
• DOI: 10.1007/s10286-018-0546-7

Objective The aim of this study was to report a method that quantifies axon reflex sweating from individual sweat glands with nanoliter precision. Measurement of the axon reflex is generally expressed as a single variable (e.g., the flare area or total sweat volume). High-definition videography enables precise measurement of sweating from single, axon reflex-stimulated sweat glands (SGs). Methods The sudomotor axon reflex was activated in healthy subjects and subjects with peripheral neuropathy by iontophoresis of 10% acetylcholine. Sweating was simultaneously imaged for 5 min in a 2.5-cm 2 area of iodine-coated skin to one side of the stimulus, using a customized high-resolution camera with starch-coated transparent tape over a rigid viewing screen. A second video then imaged the directly stimulated sweating. The indirect sweat response was quantified in terms of sweat gland number and distance from the stimulation site (radius), sweat rate per gland, and total sweat. Results Fifty-two healthy control and twenty subjects with neuropathy underwent testing at the foot, calf, thigh, and hand. Normal ranges were calculated for SG density, mean sweat rate per SG, and total sweat volume. Neuropathy subjects demonstrated reduced sweating, and values differed between body sites. Interpretation The described method precisely measures the total and individual sweat output of hundreds of SGs in response to a standard, axon reflex-mediated stimulus, and quantifies alterations in axon reflex sweating seen in peripheral neuropathy.