A fixed-point approach to barycenters in Wasserstein space

• Published in: Journal of mathematical analysis and applications Vol. 441; no. 2; pp. 744 - 762
• Main Authors: Álvarez-Esteban, Pedro C., del Barrio, E., Cuesta-Albertos, J.A., Matrán, C.
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Elsevier Inc 15.09.2016
• Subjects: [formula omitted]-Wasserstein distance; Fixed-point iteration; Fréchet mean; Location-scatter families; Mass transportation problem; Wasserstein barycenter; Location-scatter families; Fixed-point iteration; Wasserstein barycenter; Mass transportation problem; Fréchet mean; L2-Wasserstein distance
• ISSN: 0022-247X; 1096-0813
• DOI: 10.1016/j.jmaa.2016.04.045

Let P2,ac be the set of Borel probabilities on Rd with finite second moment and absolutely continuous with respect to Lebesgue measure. We consider the problem of finding the barycenter (or Fréchet mean) of a finite set of probabilities ν1,…,νk∈P2,ac with respect to the L2-Wasserstein metric. For this task we introduce an operator on P2,ac related to the optimal transport maps pushing forward any μ∈P2,ac to ν1,…,νk. Under very general conditions we prove that the barycenter must be a fixed point for this operator and introduce an iterative procedure which consistently approximates the barycenter. The procedure allows effective computation of barycenters in any location-scatter family, including the Gaussian case. In such cases the barycenter must belong to the family, thus it is characterized by its mean and covariance matrix. While its mean is just the weighted mean of the means of the probabilities, the covariance matrix is characterized in terms of their covariance matrices Σ1,…,Σk through a nonlinear matrix equation. The performance of the iterative procedure in this case is illustrated through numerical simulations, which show fast convergence towards the barycenter.