Recent advances in the development of sphingosine kinase inhibitors

• Published in: Cellular signalling Vol. 28; no. 9; pp. 1349 - 1363
• Main Authors: Pitman, Melissa R., Costabile, Maurizio, Pitson, Stuart M.
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: England Elsevier Inc 01.09.2016
• Subjects: Animals; Ceramide; Gene Knockdown Techniques; Humans; Phosphotransferases (Alcohol Group Acceptor) - antagonists & inhibitors; Protein Kinase Inhibitors - pharmacology; Sphingosine; Sphingosine kinase 1; Sphingosine kinase 2; Sphingosine-1-phosphate; AML; CERK; EGF; sphingosine kinase; Sphingosine kinase 1; ER; LPP; SPP; S1P; Sphingosine kinase 2; GPCRs; Sphingosine; Sphingosine-1-phosphate; Ceramide; Des1
• ISSN: 0898-6568; 1873-3913
• DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2016.06.007

Sphingosine kinase (SK) 1 and 2 are lipid kinases that catalyse the formation of sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P), a potent signalling molecule with a wide array of cellular effects. SK1 and 2 have been shown to be up-regulated in tumours and their genetic ablation or inhibition has been shown to slow tumour growth as well as sensitise cancer cells to chemotherapeutics. The SKs have been extensively studied, with a plethora of inhibitors developed that target the sphingosine-binding pocket of the enzyme, some with nanomolar affinities. Recently, inhibitors targeting the ATP pocket of SK have also been described. Here we discuss the development of these new small molecule SK inhibitors, summarise the recent discovery of off-targets effects of many current SK inhibitors, and provide an overview of the usefulness of these inhibitors as in vitro tools and therapeutic agents. •SK inhibitors are reviewed for selectivity, mode of action and validity as tools.•Off-targets of current inhibitors are discussed.•In vivo studies using SK inhibitors are summarised.