VAE-Based Real-Time Anomaly Detection Approach for Enhanced V2X Communication Security

• Published in: Applied sciences Vol. 15; no. 12; p. 6739
• Main Authors: Gebrezgiher, Yonas Teweldemedhin, Jeremiah, Sekione Reward, Gritzalis, Stefanos, Park, Jong Hyuk
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Basel MDPI AG 01.06.2025
• Subjects: Accuracy; Algorithms; anomaly detection; Behavior; CNN; Communication; Confidentiality; Cyberterrorism; Data integrity; Efficiency; GAN; generative AI; Generative artificial intelligence; Neural networks; Safety and security measures; V2X security; VAE; Vehicles; Yukon Territory
• ISSN: 2076-3417; 2076-3417
• DOI: 10.3390/app15126739

Vehicle-to-everything (V2X) communications enable vehicles to interact with each other and various components of the traffic system, forming the backbone of modern intelligent transportation systems. However, V2X communications are highly susceptible to cyberattacks, posing a threat to both safety and operational efficiency. This paper proposes a real-time anomaly detection framework that integrates the reconstruction capabilities of Variational Autoencoders (VAEs) with the feature extraction power of Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs). Our model processes streaming data using a sliding window mechanism, ensuring prompt detection of anomalies in the dynamic V2X environment. Extensive experiments demonstrate that our method achieves high performance across diverse anomaly types, with precision, recall, and F1-scores reaching up to 0.91, 0.99, and 0.95, respectively, on challenging anomalies such as constant position offsets. The model consistently outperforms both a traditional autoencoder and a VAE with Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) layers, particularly on complex anomalies like vehicle speed and position offsets. Additionally, our framework maintains a low inference time of approximately 0.0013 s, making it highly suitable for real-time deployment. Designed to adapt to evolving traffic patterns through periodic retraining, the proposed approach ensures long-term reliability and robustness. By delivering high performance, adaptability, and efficiency, our method provides a reliable way to detect and prevent cyberattacks, thereby making intelligent transportation systems safer and more dependable.