Monitoring Mesoscale to Submesoscale Processes in Large Lakes with Sentinel-1 SAR Imagery: The Case of Lake Geneva

• Published in: Remote sensing (Basel, Switzerland) Vol. 14; no. 19; p. 4967
• Main Authors: Hamze-Ziabari, Seyed Mahmood, Foroughan, Mehrshad, Lemmin, Ulrich, Barry, David Andrew
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Basel MDPI AG 01.10.2022
• Subjects: Atmospheric boundary layer; Chlorophyll; Coherence; Coriolis force; Eddies; eddy; gyre; Gyres; High resolution; Image resolution; lake; Lake management; Lakes; Mathematical models; mesoscale; Mesoscale phenomena; Numerical models; Ocean circulation; Oceans; Physical properties; Plankton; Remote sensing; SAR; Satellite imagery; Satellites; Sentinel-1; Surfactants; Synthetic aperture radar; Topography; Upwelling; Vertical distribution; Vortices; Water circulation; Water quality; Wind; Lake Geneva
• ISSN: 2072-4292; 2072-4292
• DOI: 10.3390/rs14194967

As in oceans, large-scale coherent circulations such as gyres and eddies are ubiquitous features in large lakes that are subject to the Coriolis force. They play a crucial role in the horizontal and vertical distribution of biological, chemical and physical parameters that can affect water quality. In order to make coherent circulation patterns evident, representative field measurements of near-surface currents have to be taken. This, unfortunately, is difficult due to the high spatial and temporal variability of gyres/eddies. As a result, few complete field observations of coherent circulation in oceans/lakes have been reported. With the advent of high-resolution satellite imagery, the potential to unravel and improve the understanding of mesoscale and submesoscale processes has substantially increased. Features in the satellite images, however, must be verified by field measurements and numerical simulations. In the present study, Sentinel-1 SAR satellite imagery was used to detect gyres/eddies in a large lake (Lake Geneva). Comparing SAR images with realistic high-resolution numerical model results and in situ observations allowed for identification of distinct signatures of mesoscale gyres, which can be revealed through submesoscale current patterns. Under low wind conditions, cyclonic gyres manifest themselves in SAR images either through biogenic slicks that are entrained in submesoscale and mesoscale currents, or by pelagic upwelling that appears as smooth, dark elliptical areas in their centers. This unique combination of simultaneous SAR imagery, three-dimensional numerical simulations and field observations confirmed that SAR imagery can provide valuable insights into the spatial scales of thus far unresolved mesoscale and submesoscale processes in a lake. Understanding these processes is required for developing effective lake management concepts.