Intersectionality and belonging: Muslims in the census of British Asia

• Published in: Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society Vol. 33; no. 1; pp. 1 - 18
• Main Author: Formichi, Chiara
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Cambridge, UK Cambridge University Press 01.01.2023
• Subjects: 19th century; Belonging; British Empire; Censuses; Colonies & territories; Frame analysis; Intersectionality; Muslims; Nationalism; Race; Religion; Self concept; Southeast Asia; Malacca Malaysia; Singapore; Myanmar (Burma); Asia; Penang Malaysia; China; Hong Kong China; Malaysia; Malaya; India; Kolkata India; colonialism; ethno-nationalism; Census; indigeneity; identity; intersectionality; religious minorities
• ISSN: 1356-1863; 2051-2066; 1474-0591
• DOI: 10.1017/S1356186321000651

The British territories of greater Southeast Asia were administratively connected to London and Calcutta, and while local censuses show that these centres could exert some influence at the furthest peripheries of the Empire, a close analysis of the ways in which race and religion were approached in the classification of colonial subjects in Southeast Asia shows peculiarities specific to the region. In this article I argue that the demographic and socio-political contexts of British Burma and Malaya (with references to Hong Kong) led to a framing of ‘race’ that challenged European ‘scientific’ definitions and embraced instead the interweaving of multiple aspects of an individual's identity, most prominently religion. This shift, potentially empowering as reflective of local understandings of belonging, and an improvement from the period's anthropometric framework, was to backfire, however. With the emergence of nationalism, majoritarian identities came to be homogenised in these ethno-religious intersectional communities, marginalising and excluding those who did not fit.