TMU-Net: A Transformer-Based Multimodal Framework with Uncertainty Quantification for Driver Fatigue Detection

• Published in: Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) Vol. 25; no. 17; p. 5364
• Main Authors: Zhang, Yaxin, Xu, Xuegang, Du, Yuetao, Zhang, Ningchao
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Switzerland MDPI AG 01.09.2025
• Subjects: Accuracy; Adult; Algorithms; Attention - physiology; Automobile Driving; Computer vision; driver fatigue detection; Electric transformers; electroencephalogram (EEG); Electroencephalography; Electroencephalography - methods; electrooculogram (EOG); Electrooculography - methods; Evaluation; Fatigue; Fatigue - diagnosis; Fatigue - physiopathology; Humans; Male; multimodal fusion; Neural Networks, Computer; Physiology; Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted; Traffic accidents & safety; Uncertainty; uncertainty quantification; multimodal fusion; uncertainty quantification; electrooculogram (EOG); driver fatigue detection; electroencephalogram (EEG)
• ISSN: 1424-8220; 1424-8220
• DOI: 10.3390/s25175364

Driving fatigued is a prevalent issue frequently contributing to traffic accidents, prompting the development of automated fatigue detection methods based on various data sources, particularly reliable physiological signals. However, challenges in accuracy, robustness, and practicality persist, especially for cross-subject detection. Multimodal data fusion can enhance the effective estimation of driver fatigue. In this work, we leverage the advantages of multimodal signals to propose a novel Multimodal Attention Network (TMU-Net) for driver fatigue detection, achieving precise fatigue assessment by integrating electroencephalogram (EEG) and electrooculogram (EOG) signals. The core innovation of TMU-Net lies in its unimodal feature extraction module, which combines causal convolution, ConvSparseAttention, and Transformer encoders to effectively capture spatiotemporal features, and a multimodal fusion module that employs cross-modal attention and uncertainty-weighted gating to dynamically integrate complementary information. By incorporating uncertainty quantification, TMU-Net significantly enhances robustness to noise and individual variability. Experimental validation on the SEED-VIG dataset demonstrates TMU-Net’s superior performance stability across 23 subjects in cross-subject testing, effectively leveraging the complementary strengths of EEG (2 Hz full-band and five-band features) and EOG signals for high-precision fatigue detection. Furthermore, attention heatmap visualization reveals the dynamic interaction mechanisms between EEG and EOG signals, confirming the physiological rationality of TMU-Net’s feature fusion strategy. Practical challenges and future research directions for fatigue detection methods are also discussed.