Anti‐hygroscopicity technologies for ammonium dinitramide: A review

Valuable propellants have the characteristics of high impulse, low pollution, and strong stability, and oxidizers play a substantial role in determining the performance of propellants. Ammonium dinitramide (ADN) is a relatively promising oxidizer due to its high‐energy and chlorine‐free characterist...

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Published inPropellants, explosives, pyrotechnics Vol. 48; no. 5
Main Authors Tian, Shichao, Wang, Yinglei, Chen, Xinjian, Hu, Dongdong, Hu, Yifei, Zheng, Shuai, Zhou, Zhiyong, Xiao, Chuan, Ren, Zhongqi
Format Journal Article
LanguageEnglish
Published Weinheim Wiley Subscription Services, Inc 01.05.2023
Subjects
ammonium dinitramide
anti-hygroscopicity technologies
Chlorine
co-crystallization
Crystallization
High impulse
Hygroscopicity
Oxidizing agents
Prilling
Solid propellants
surface coating
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ISSN0721-3115
1521-4087
DOI10.1002/prep.202200344

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Summary:Valuable propellants have the characteristics of high impulse, low pollution, and strong stability, and oxidizers play a substantial role in determining the performance of propellants. Ammonium dinitramide (ADN) is a relatively promising oxidizer due to its high‐energy and chlorine‐free characteristics. However, although ADN exhibits high energy performance compared with traditional oxidizers, the high hygroscopicity of ADN when exposed to high humidity restricts its broader application in solid propellants. This review highlights the necessity of utilizing anti‐hygroscopicity strategies with ADN to extend its application. The anti‐hygroscopicity mechanism of ADN is summarized by calculations and experimental results. Anti‐hygroscopicity technologies that can be used with ADN include prilling, surface coating, and co‐crystallization, and these technologies are comprehensively summarized herein. This review is intended to provide insight into the use of anti‐hygroscopicity technologies with ADN, highlight the challenges of these methods, and point out future development directions.
Bibliography:Abbreviations
ADN, ammonium dinitramide; ADNP, 4‐amino‐3,5‐dinitropyrazole; ALD, atomic layer deposition; AmGO, alkylated graphene oxide nanosheets; AN, ammonium nitrate; AP, ammonium perchlorate; B18C6, benzo‐18‐crown‐6; BPS, bis(progagyl) succincate; CL‐20, hexanitrohexaazaisowurtzitane; DAF, 3,4‐diaminofuran; DFT, density functional theory; DSC, differential scanning calorimetry; DVS, dynamic vapor sorption; ETPE, energetic thermoplastic polyurethane elastomers; FTIR, fourier transform infrared spectroscopy; GAP, glycidyl azide polymer; HMX, 1,3,5,7‐tetranitro‐1,3,5,7‐tetrazocane; HNTO, 3‐nitro‐1,2,4‐triazol‐5‐one; HTPB, hydroxyl‐terminated polybutadiene propellant; PDO, pyrazine‐1,4‐dioxide; PMMA, polymethylmethacrylate; RDX, cyclotrimethylenetrinitramine; RH, relative humidity; SEM, scanning electron microscopy; TNAZ, 1,3,3‐trinitroazetidine; 18C6, 18‐crown‐6‐ether
Dr. Shichao Tian and Dr. Yinglei Wang contributed equally to this work.
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ISSN:0721-3115
1521-4087
DOI:10.1002/prep.202200344