Recently Amplified Interannual Variability of the Great Lakes Ice Cover in Response to Changing Teleconnections

• Published in: Journal of climate Vol. 35; no. 19; pp. 6283 - 6300
• Main Authors: Lin, Yu-Chun, Fujisaki-Manome, Ayumi, Wang, Jia
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Boston American Meteorological Society 01.10.2022
• Subjects: Air temperature; Annual variations; Atmospheric circulation; Atmospheric forcing; Cold; Dipoles; Dynamic height; El Nino; El Nino phenomena; El Nino-Southern Oscillation event; Empirical analysis; Fluctuations; Freezing; Geopotential; Geopotential height; Ice; Ice cover; Interannual variability; Laboratories; Lakes; Mountains; North Atlantic Oscillation; Northern Hemisphere; Ocean-atmosphere system; Orthogonal functions; Pacific-North American (PNA) pattern; Planetary waves; Polar vortex; Rossby waves; Sea surface; Sea surface temperature; Sea surface temperature anomalies; Singular value decomposition; Southern Oscillation; Statistical analysis; Statistical methods; Stratosphere; Stratospheric vortices; Surface temperature; Surface-air temperature relationships; Temperature; Temperature anomalies; Variability; Vortices; Wave propagation; Weather patterns; Winter; Bering Sea; Northern Hemisphere; North America; Great Lakes area; Arctic region
• ISSN: 0894-8755; 1520-0442
• DOI: 10.1175/JCLI-D-21-0448.1

The interannual variability of the annual maximum ice cover (AMIC) of the Great Lakes is strongly influenced by large-scale atmospheric circulations that drive regional weather patterns. Based on statistical analyses from 1980 to 2020, we identify a reduced number of accumulated freezing degree days across the winter months in recent decades, a step-change decrease of AMIC after the winter of 1997/98, and an increased interannual variability of AMIC since 1993. Our analysis shows that AMIC is significantly correlated with El Ni˜no–Southern Oscillation (ENSO), the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO), and the Pacific–North American pattern (PNA) before the winter of 1997/98. After that, the AMIC is significantly correlated with the tropical–Northern Hemisphere pattern (TNH) and eastern Pacific oscillation (EPO). Singular value decomposition of the 500-hPa geopotential height and surface air temperature shows a dipole pattern over the northeast Pacific and North America, demonstrating the ridge–trough system. This dipole pattern shifts northward to the northern Rocky Mountains, placing the Great Lakes region in the trough after 1997/98. This shift coincides with the increased interannual variability of the EPO index, as well as the change in the sea surface temperature (SST) over the northeast Pacific, where the second mode of the empirical orthogonal function (EOF) on SST shows a warm blob-like feature manifested over the Gulf of Alaska. The regression of wave activity flux onto the SST EOF shows that the source of upward and eastward propagation of a stationary Rossby wave shifts to the west coast ofNorthAmerica, likely moving the ridge–trough system eastward after the winter of 1997/98.