Directional element evaluation applied to half-wavelength transmission lines

• Published in: Electric power systems research Vol. 198; p. 107350
• Main Authors: Berrocal, Juan D. Villón, Tavares, Maria C.
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Amsterdam Elsevier B.V 01.09.2021; Elsevier Science Ltd
• Subjects: Algorithms; Directional function; Electric power lines; Fault diagnosis; Fault tolerance; Finite element analysis; Half-wavelength transmission; Hardware-in-the-loop simulation; HIL; Real-time simulation; Studies; Transmission electron microscopy; Transmission lines; Directional function; HIL; Real-time simulation; Half-wavelength transmission
• ISSN: 0378-7796; 1873-2046
• DOI: 10.1016/j.epsr.2021.107350

•Python program to model the system with two-port networks.•Method to obtain directional element setting parameters.•Hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) test system using RTDS simulator and a commercial distance protection relay (SEL-421).•One directional element properly identifies the SLG faults at a HWL+ system. In this paper, a careful analysis of directional element behavior applied to a half-wavelength transmission line (HWL) is presented. Single line-to-ground (SLG) faults were applied, varying loading conditions and fault resistance. A commercial relay was used. Two directional elements were considered: 32QG and 32V. With the aim of obtaining directional element setting parameters, a Python program based on two-port network theory was developed. The simulations were also performed in a hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) environment. It was observed that only the element 32V operated properly throughout the system during SLG fault conditions. It can be concluded that the conventional directional element algorithm can be applied to a system with a half-wavelength transmission line under the above-mentioned fault condition.