Stable architectures for deep neural networks

• Published in: Inverse problems Vol. 34; no. 1; pp. 14004 - 14025
• Main Authors: Haber, Eldad, Ruthotto, Lars
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: IOP Publishing 01.01.2018
• Subjects: deep neural networks; dynamic inverse problems; image classification; machine learning; parameter estimation; PDE-constrained optimization
• ISSN: 0266-5611; 1361-6420
• DOI: 10.1088/1361-6420/aa9a90

Deep neural networks have become invaluable tools for supervised machine learning, e.g. classification of text or images. While often offering superior results over traditional techniques and successfully expressing complicated patterns in data, deep architectures are known to be challenging to design and train such that they generalize well to new data. Critical issues with deep architectures are numerical instabilities in derivative-based learning algorithms commonly called exploding or vanishing gradients. In this paper, we propose new forward propagation techniques inspired by systems of ordinary differential equations (ODE) that overcome this challenge and lead to well-posed learning problems for arbitrarily deep networks. The backbone of our approach is our interpretation of deep learning as a parameter estimation problem of nonlinear dynamical systems. Given this formulation, we analyze stability and well-posedness of deep learning and use this new understanding to develop new network architectures. We relate the exploding and vanishing gradient phenomenon to the stability of the discrete ODE and present several strategies for stabilizing deep learning for very deep networks. While our new architectures restrict the solution space, several numerical experiments show their competitiveness with state-of-the-art networks.