Water Consumption Assessment of Afforestation and Natural Vegetation Areas with a Remote Sensing Approach

• Published in: Water (Basel) Vol. 17; no. 11; p. 1597
• Main Authors: Santarosa, Lucas Vituri, de Oliveira Ferreira Silva, César, Hirigoyen, Andrés, Quaggio, Carolina Stager
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Basel MDPI AG 01.06.2025
• Subjects: Afforestation; Basins; Chile; Climate change; Consumption; Decision making; Drought; Ecosystems; Environmental aspects; Forestry; Grasslands; Hydrology; Land use; Methods; Plantations; Precipitation; Remote sensing; Resource management; Riparian forests; Stream flow; Vegetation; Vegetation zones; Water consumption; Water resources; Chile; Uruguay
• ISSN: 2073-4441; 2073-4441
• DOI: 10.3390/w17111597

This study analyzed the impact of land use and cover changes, along with climate variability, on water consumption by quantifying actual evapotranspiration (ETa) in the Tres Cruces River basin (TCR) in Uruguay. Using Landsat 8 and 9 images from 2014 to 2024, the SAFER method (Simple Algorithm for Evapotranspiration Retrieving), applied for the first time in Uruguay, estimated ETa for natural vegetation (grasslands and riparian forests) and commercial afforestation areas. Quality metrics, including determination coefficient (r2 = 0.87), Pearson correlation (r = 0.94), root mean square error (RMSE = 1.46 mm/day), and Nash–Sutcliffe efficiency (NSE = 0.34), were utilized for SAFER’s optimal parameterization based on the literature. Results revealed monthly ETa variability and highlighted higher ETa values for afforestation areas, exceeding grasslands by 26.5% and riparian forests by 4.79%, reflecting increased water demand due to greater biomass and photosynthetic activity. Additionally, prolonged drought periods correlated with increased water consumption by forest vegetation, despite the Standardized Precipitation-Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI) remaining within normal bounds during the 2020–2023 drought. These findings underscore the significant hydrological implications of converting grasslands to afforestation and the need for integrated water resource management amid expanding commercial forestry in the region.