Grating-Lobe Reduction for Uniform Undersampled Phased Array Using Dielectric Dome Lens

• Published in: IEEE transactions on antennas and propagation Vol. 73; no. 3; pp. 1445 - 1460
• Main Authors: Wang, Yipeng, Haneda, Katsuyuki, Icheln, Clemens, Ala-Laurinaho, Juha, Tuomela, Juha, Vaha-Savo, Lauri, Xue, Bing, Chen, Xiaoming
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: New York IEEE 01.03.2025; The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. (IEEE)
• Subjects: Algorithms; Antenna arrays; Antenna radiation patterns; Boresights; Communications systems; Couplings; Design factors; Dielectric dome lens (DDL); Dissipation; Domes; Fabrication; Geometrical optics; grating lobe (GL) reduction; Gratings; Heating systems; Lenses; Matching layers (electronics); Millimeter waves; Mutual coupling; Optimization; Phased arrays; Shape; Sidelobes; Simulation; undersampled phased array
• ISSN: 0018-926X; 1558-2221; 1558-2221
• DOI: 10.1109/TAP.2024.3508103

Undersampled arrays exhibit low mutual coupling, alleviating heat dissipation challenges associated with active radio frequency (RF) components in integrated front-end designs. This article presents an effective dielectric dome lens (DDL) for a uniform array with one-wavelength interelement spacing, enabling beam scanning with reduced grating lobes (GLs), making it suitable for millimeter-wave communication systems. The shape of the DDL is optimized using the geometric optics (GO) algorithm, allowing for the reflection of GLs while maintaining effective main beam scanning. The DDL is then miniaturized, integrated with absorber sheets to dissipate reflected GLs, and equipped with matching layers (MLs) to improve radiation performance. The subsequent full-wave simulation further optimizes the design, accounting for factors overlooked by the GO algorithm and finalizing the DDL structure for operating with a undersampled array. Finally, a <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">3 \times 8 </tex-math></inline-formula> undersampled rectangular patch array working at 28 GHz, integrated with a cylinder DDL, is fabricated and measured to validate the design approach. The experimental results are in agreement with the simulations. With the help of the DDL, the array with one-wavelength interelement spacing achieves a continuous, symmetrical-to-boresight beam-scanning range of 110°, with a scan loss (SL) within 3 dB. The GL is consistently reduced, maintaining peak sidelobe levels (SLLs) more than 9 dB below the main beam. This scanning performance remains effective over a bandwidth of 2 GHz.