A Real-Time Faint Space Debris Detector With Learning-Based LCM

• Published in: IEEE transactions on instrumentation and measurement Vol. 73; pp. 1 - 13
• Main Authors: Lu, Zherui, Wang, Gangyi, Wei, Xinguo, Li, Jian
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: New York IEEE 2024; The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. (IEEE)
• Subjects: Algorithms; Cameras; Centroids; Feature extraction; High dynamic streaks; Image enhancement; local contrast map; Maximum likelihood estimation; maximum likelihood estimation (MLE); onboard camera; Signal to noise ratio; Situational awareness; Space debris; Space debris mitigation; space object extraction; Space vehicles; Spacecraft; Star trackers; Stars; Surveillance systems
• ISSN: 0018-9456; 1557-9662
• DOI: 10.1109/TIM.2024.3390203

With the development of aerospace technology, the increasing population of space debris has posed a great threat to the safety of spacecraft. Because of the small volume and long distance, space debris tends to have low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), and while taking the limitations of ground observation methods into account, it is necessary to enhance the spacecraft's capacity for space situational awareness (SSA). Besides, the active search and long exposure time of the surveillance system will extend the star spot to be a streak-like target, making image enhancement and target extraction more difficult. Considering that traditional methods have some defects in low-SNR streak detection, such as low effectiveness and large time consumption, this article proposes a method for low-SNR streak extraction based on local contrast and maximum likelihood estimation (MLE), which can detect spatial objects with SNR 2.0 efficiently. In the proposed algorithm, local contrast will be applied for crude classifications, which will return connected components as preliminary results, then MLE will be performed to reconstruct the connected components of targets via orientated growth and the precision can be further improved. The algorithm has been verified with both simulated streaks and real star tracker images, and the average centroid error of the proposed algorithm is close to the state-of-the-art method like the optimal directional connected component (ODCC). At the same time, the algorithm in this article has significant advantages in efficiency compared with the ODCC. In conclusion, the algorithm in this article is of high speed and precision, which guarantees its promising applications in the extraction of high dynamic targets.