Assessment of orthometric height determination utilizing network of multi-baselines of GNSS Continuously Operating Reference Stations

• Published in: Journal of applied geodesy
• Main Authors: Kitpracha, Chaiyaporn, Bamrungrad, Panithan, Satirapod, Chalermchon
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: 29.04.2025
• ISSN: 1862-9016; 1862-9024
• DOI: 10.1515/jag-2024-0108

Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) offer a modern, efficient alternative to traditional leveling methods, with advantages in accuracy, cost-effectiveness, and adaptability to diverse terrains. This study examines GNSS leveling techniques using Thailand’s Continuously Operating Reference Station (CORS) network. A multi-baseline network approach is proposed to enhance redundancy, enabling weighted least squares adjustment for both absolute and relative methods. The performance of the multi-baseline approach is compared to the single-baseline method to assess its benefits. Results indicate that the multi-baseline absolute method achieves an accuracy of approximately 4 cm, surpassing the single-baseline absolute method and demonstrating a robustness to orthometric height errors caused by reference station anomalies. On the other hand, the relative method shows degraded performance for both single and multi-baseline approaches due to biases in antenna eccentricity, which necessitate reducing the ellipsoidal height at the marker point to the Permanent Bench Mark (PBM) level.