TRAMbio: a flexible python package for graph rigidity analysis of macromolecules

• Published in: BMC bioinformatics Vol. 26; no. 1; p. 266
• Main Authors: Handke, Nicolas, Gatter, Thomas, Reinhardt, Franziska, Stadler, Peter F.
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: London BioMed Central 28.10.2025
• Subjects: Algorithms; Bioinformatics; Biomedical and Life Sciences; Computational Biology/Bioinformatics; Computer Appl. in Life Sciences; Life Sciences; Microarrays; Software; Pebble game; (; Protein structure; Rigid graph; sparse graphs; (k l)-sparse graphs
• ISSN: 1471-2105; 1471-2105
• DOI: 10.1186/s12859-025-06300-3

Background Insight into the rigidity or flexibility of molecular structures is integral for a series of common research questions in molecular biology, including the identification of functional regions, simulated protein unfolding, or tracking and prediction of conformational changes in proteins over time. Determining rigidity in 3-dimensional space is a difficult problem in general. For a well-defined subclass of frameworks, however, this task can be solved in polynomial time with the help of constraint counting algorithms known as pebble games. Although this approach is well established, no easy-to-use implementation of the pebble game algorithm in the context of general graph analysis and molecular rigidity is currently available to researchers. Results To close this gap, we developed TRAMbio , a Python-based software tool for Topological Rigidity Analysis in Molecular Biology. We summarize and discuss the theoretical foundation of the pebble game and how it can be applied to molecular rigidity. Conclusions TRAMbio performs well even on large molecules and on discrete time series of protein movement. Results are accessible for both bioinformaticians and biologists, as rigid components can be rendered using standard molecular visualization platforms.