A Randomized Controlled Trial of ABCD-IN-BARS Drone-Assisted Emergency Assessments

• Published in: Drones (Basel) Vol. 9; no. 10; p. 687
• Main Authors: Chan, Chun Kit Jacky, Tung, Fabian Ling Ngai, Ho, Shuk Yin Joey, Yip, Jeff, Tsui, Zoe, Yip, Alice
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Basel MDPI AG 03.10.2025
• Subjects: Abdomen; Aircraft; Assessments; Aviation; Cameras; Clinical trials; Drone aircraft; Drones; Emergency medical care; Emergency medical services; Evacuations & rescues; Evaluation; Informed consent; Injuries; Intervention; Modular design; Patient assessment; Range of motion; Robotics; Telemedicine; Unmanned aircraft; Variance analysis; Hong Kong China; China
• ISSN: 2504-446X; 2504-446X
• DOI: 10.3390/drones9100687

Emergency medical services confront significant challenges in delivering timely patient assessments within geographically isolated or disaster-impacted regions. While drones (unmanned aircraft systems, UAS) show transformative potential in healthcare, standardized protocols for drone-assisted patient evaluations remain underdeveloped. This study introduces the ABCD-IN-BARS protocol, a 9-step telemedicine checklist integrating patient-assisted maneuvers and drone technology to systematize remote emergency assessments. A wait-list randomized controlled trial with 68 first-aid-trained volunteers evaluated the protocol’s feasibility. Participants underwent web-based modules and in-person simulations and were randomized into immediate training or waitlist control groups. The ABCD-IN-BARS protocol was developed via a content validity approach, incorporating expert-rated items from the telemedicine literature. Outcomes included time-to-assessment, provider confidence (Modified Cooper–Harper Scale), measured at baseline, post-training, and 3-month follow-up. Ethical approval and informed consent were obtained. Most of the participants can complete the assessment with a cue card within 4 min. A mixed-design repeated measures ANOVA assessed the effects of Time (baseline, post-test, 3-month follow-up within subject) on assessment durations. Assessment times improved significantly over three time points (p = 0.008), improving with standardized protocols, while patterns were similar across groups (p = 0.101), reflecting skill retention at 3 months and not affected by injury or not. Protocol adherence in simulated injury identification increased from 63.3% pre-training to 100% post-training. Provider confidence remained high (MCH scores: 2.4–2.7/10), and Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) ratings emphasized strong Perceived Usefulness (PU2: M = 4.48) despite moderate ease-of-use challenges (EU2: M = 4.03). Qualitative feedback highlighted workflow benefits but noted challenges in drone maneuvering. The ABCD-IN-BARS protocol effectively standardizes drone-assisted emergency assessments, demonstrating retained proficiency and high usability. While sensory limitations persist, its modular design and alignment with ABCDE principles offer a scalable solution for prehospital care in underserved regions. Further multicenter validation is needed to generalize findings.