Melatonin: Pharmacology, Functions and Therapeutic Benefits

• Published in: Current neuropharmacology Vol. 15; no. 3; pp. 434 - 443
• Main Authors: Tordjman, Sylvie, Chokron, Sylvie, Delorme, Richard, Charrier, Annaelle, Bellissant, Eric, Jaafari, Nemat, Fougerou, Claire
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: United Arab Emirates Bentham Science Publishers Ltd 01.04.2017; Benham Science Publishers; Bentham Science Publishers
• Subjects: Animals; Antioxidants; Antioxidants - pharmacology; Antioxidants - therapeutic use; Biomarkers; Body mass; Bone growth; Bone mass; Brain - drug effects; Brain - metabolism; Cardiovascular diseases; Children; Circadian rhythm; Circadian Rhythm - drug effects; Circadian Rhythm - physiology; Circadian rhythms; Detoxification; Environmental changes; Fetuses; Free radicals; Humans; Kidneys; Life Sciences; Liver; Long-term effects; Melatonin; Melatonin - pharmacology; Melatonin - therapeutic use; Mental disorders; Mental Disorders - drug therapy; Neonates; Oscillators; Osteogenesis; Pancreas; Pharmacokinetics; Physiology; Reviews; Therapeutic applications; sleep-wake rhythm; biological clocks; clinical application; synchronizer; prevention and treatment; Adaptation to external and internal environment; biomarker; melatonin; central and peripheral oscillators; adaptation to external and internal environment
• ISSN: 1570-159X; 1875-6190; 1875-6190
• DOI: 10.2174/1570159x14666161228122115

Background: Melatonin synchronizes central but also peripheral oscillators (fetal adrenal gland, pancreas, liver, kidney, heart, lung, fat, gut, etc.), allowing temporal organization of biological functions through circadian rhythms (24-hour cycles) in relation to periodic environmental changes and therefore adaptation of the individual to his/her internal and external environment. Measures of melatonin are considered the best peripheral indices of human circadian timing based on an internal 24-hour clock. Methods: First, the pharmacology of melatonin (biosynthesis and circadian rhythms, pharmacokinetics and mechanisms of action) is described, allowing a better understanding of the short and long term effects of melatonin following its immediate or prolonged release. Then, research related to the physiological effects of melatonin is reviewed. Results: The physiological effects of melatonin are various and include detoxification of free radicals and antioxidant actions, bone formation and protection, reproduction, and cardiovascular, immune or body mass regulation. Also, protective and therapeutic effects of melatonin are reported, especially with regard to brain or gastrointestinal protection, psychiatric disorders, cardiovascular diseases and oncostatic effects. Conclusion: This review highlights the high number and diversity of major melatonin effects and opens important perspectives for measuring melatonin as a biomarker (biomarker of early identification of certain disorders and also biomarker of their follow-up) and using melatonin with clinical preventive and therapeutic applications in newborns, children and adults based on its physiological regulatory effects.