How do electronic risk assessment tools affect the communication and understanding of diagnostic uncertainty in the primary care consultation? A systematic review and thematic synthesis

• Published in: BMJ open Vol. 12; no. 6; p. e060101
• Main Authors: Burns, Alex, Donnelly, Brian, Feyi-Waboso, Joshua, Shephard, Elizabeth, Calitri, Raff, Tarrant, Mark, Dean, Sarah Gerard
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: London British Medical Journal Publishing Group 01.06.2022; BMJ Publishing Group LTD; BMJ Publishing Group
• Series: Original research
• Subjects: Communication; Decision making; Decision support systems; General practice / Family practice; Illnesses; Medical diagnosis; Patients; Primary care; Qualitative research; Risk assessment; risk management; Shared decision making; Software; Systematic review
• ISSN: 2044-6055; 2044-6055
• DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2021-060101

ObjectivesTo conduct a systematic review and synthesise qualitative research of electronic risk assessment tools (eRATs) in primary care, examining how they affect the communication and understanding of diagnostic risk and uncertainty. eRATs are computer-based algorithms designed to help clinicians avoid missing important diagnoses, pick up possible symptoms early and facilitate shared decision-making.DesignSystematic search, using predefined criteria of the published literature and synthesis of the qualitative data, using Thematic Synthesis. Database searches on 27 November 2019 were of MEDLINE, Embase, CINAHL and Web of Science, and a secondary search of the references of included articles. Included studies were those involving electronic risk assessment or decision support, pertaining to diagnosis in primary care, where qualitative data were presented. Non-empirical studies and non-English language studies were excluded. 5971 unique studies were identified of which 441 underwent full-text review. 26 studies were included for data extraction. A further two were found from citation searches. Quality appraisal was via the CASP (Critical Appraisal Skills Program) tool. Data extraction was via line by line coding. A thematic synthesis was performed.SettingPrimary care.ResultseRATs included differential diagnosis suggestion tools, tools which produce a future risk of disease development or recurrence or calculate a risk of current undiagnosed disease. Analytical themes were developed to describe separate aspects of the clinical consultation where risk and uncertainty are both central and altered via the use of an eRAT: ‘Novel risk’, ‘Risk refinement’, ‘Autonomy’, ‘Communication’, ‘Fear’ and ‘Mistrust’.ConclusioneRATs may improve the understanding and communication of risk in the primary care consultation. The themes of ‘Fear’ and ‘Mistrust’ could represent potential challenges with eRATs.Trial registration numberCRD219446.