106 Coronary flow reserve is reduced in asymptomatic living kidney donors – results of the chronic renal impairment in birmingham coronary flow reserve (crib-flow) study

• Published in: Heart (British Cardiac Society) Vol. 106; no. Suppl 2; pp. A84 - A85
• Main Authors: Radhakrishnan, Ashwin, Pickup, Luke C, Price, Anna M, Law, Jonathan, Fabritz, Larissa, Steeds, Rick, Ferro, Charles, Townend, Jonathan
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: London BMJ Publishing Group LTD 01.07.2020
• Subjects: Blood pressure; Ejection fraction; Flow velocity; Gender; Hypertension; Ischemia
• ISSN: 1355-6037; 1468-201X
• DOI: 10.1136/heartjnl-2020-BCS.106

IntroductionCoronary microvascular dysfunction (CMD) is prevalent in chronic kidney disease (CKD), and may cause diffuse myocardial ischaemia and fibrosis, thus contributing to the elevated cardiac risk seen in CKD. Coronary flow reserve (CFR) is a marker of coronary microvascular function and can be measured using Doppler transthoracic echocardiography (TTE). Multiple studies have shown a graded inverse relationship between CFR and CKD stage, and this has prognostic significance.Living kidney donors (LKD) provide a population of subjects with reduced estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), without the confounding cardiovascular risk factors usually associated with CKD. This provides an opportunity to study the effects of an isolated reduction in eGFR (which is usually in the range of CKD stage 2-3) on CFR.Methods23 LKD and 25 controls of similar age and gender were studied. Individuals with diabetes, uncontrolled hypertension or ischaemic heart disease were excluded. All LKD were >12 months post donation. Subjects underwent adenosine stress TTE, myocardial contrast echocardiography (MCE) and CFR assessment. Peak diastolic coronary flow velocity (CFV) was measured in the distal left anterior descending artery at rest and at maximal hyperaemia (figure 1). CFR was calculated as the ratio of hyperaemic CFV/rest CFV.Abstract 106 Figure 1ResultsControls and LKD were of similar age, gender and ethnicity (table 1). Rates of hypertension, smoking and hypercholesterolaemia were similar between the groups. Serum phosphate was significantly lower and detectable C reactive peptide was significantly higher in LKD.Left ventricular mass index and indices of systolic and diastolic function were similar between the two groups (table 2). No subjects had wall motion abnormalities on stress TTE or perfusion defects on MCE.Abstract 106 Table 1Demographic & laboratory data Controls Donors p value Age (years) 41 ± 1046 ± 10NS Male gender n(%) 18 (72)16 (70)NS Caucasian n(%) 15 (60)18 (78)NS Time from donation (months) n/a30 (24-67)n/a Haemoglobin (g/L) 146 ± 11141 ± 10NS Creatinine 80 ± 17107 ± 15<0.001 eGFR (ml/min/1.73m2) 99 (91-112)68 (64-72)<0.001 Detectable CRP n(%) 7 (29)18 (73)0.01 Phosphate (mmol/L) 1.13 ± 0.171.03 ± 0.170.042Data are mean ± SD or median (IQR). NS – not significant, eGFR – estimated glomerular filtration rate, CRP – C reactive peptideAbstract 106 Table 2Haemodynamic, echocardiographic & coronary flow reserve data Controls Donors p value Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) 116 ± 11115 ± 12NS Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) 76 ± 1076 ± 10NS LVMI (g/m2) 71 (62-88)69 (57-76)NS EF (%) 63 ± 562 ± 5NS LAVI (ml/m2) 19.3 ± 4.320.5 ± 6.8NS E/A ratio 1.2 ± 0.31.1 ± 0.2NS E/e’ 7 ± 27 ± 2NS GLS (%) -19 ± 3-19 ± 3NS CFR 3.8 ± 0.63.4 ± 0.70.036Data are mean ± SD or median (IQR). NS – not significant, LVMI – left ventricular mass index, EF – ejection fraction, LAVI – left atrial volume index, GLS – global longitudinal strain, CFR – coronary flow reserveCFR data was available in 22 controls and 23 LKD. CFR was significantly reduced in LKD compared to controls (mean CFR 3.8±0.6 vs 3.4±0.7, mean difference 0.4 95%CI 0.03-0.8, p=0.036) – figure 2. 6/23 (26%) LKD had CFR ≤2.7 (the lowest CFR value in controls.)Abstract 106 Figure 2ConclusionsThis is the first study of CFR in LKD. Similar to data in CKD, we have shown that a modest drop in eGFR is associated with reduced CFR in asymptomatic LKD. This suggests that isolated reductions in renal function may contribute to altered microvascular function, even in the absence of progressive CKD or cardiovascular risk factors. The higher prevalence of detectable CRP in LKD suggests that chronic inflammation may play a role in this process and this effect appears to persist even beyond the initial peri-operative period (median time from donation in LKD was 30 months). Reassuringly, no LKD had CFR<2, which is known to be a poor prognostic marker.These early microvascular changes highlight the importance of long term follow up and aggressive risk factor management in LKD, to minimise any future cardiac risk. They also shed light on the pathophysiology of myocardial disease in CKD. Further work is needed to elucidate the mechanisms of microvascular dysfunction in LKD and CKD.Conflict of InterestNone