Paleocene–Eocene palaeoenvironmental conditions of the main phosphorite deposits (Chouabine Formation) in the Gafsa Basin, Tunisia

• Published in: Journal of African earth sciences (1994) Vol. 100; pp. 586 - 597
• Main Authors: Kocsis, László, Ounis, Anouar, Baumgartner, Claudia, Pirkenseer, Claudius, Harding, Ian C., Adatte, Thierry, Chaabani, Fredj, Neili, Salah Mohamed
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Elsevier Ltd 01.12.2014
• Subjects: Diagenesis; Microfossils; Paleocene–Eocene; PETM; Phosphorite; Stable oxygen and carbon isotopes; Tunisia; Africa; Diagenesis; Paleocene–Eocene; PETM; Microfossils; Stable oxygen and carbon isotopes; Phosphorite
• ISSN: 1464-343X; 1879-1956
• DOI: 10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2014.07.024

•We investigated a phosphate rich Paleocene–Eocene succession in Tunisia.•Various diagenetic features are observed on calcareous microfossils.•Diagenesis is clearly dominated by processes related to phosphorite formation.•Negative δ13C shift is observed in marl dominated beds along the series.•Despite local factors, this shift is related to either the onset of PETM or pre-PETM global record. A detailed sedimentary section of the marine Chouabine Formation in the palaeogeographic Gafsa Basin, south-western Tunisia, was investigated in order to characterize environmental and depositional conditions focusing on the interval that spans the Paleocene–Eocene transition. We did stable isotope analyses of bulk sediments. Both phosphorite and carbonate yielded relatively similar isotopic compositions; while marls show observable trends, with negative shifts in both δ13Cinorg and δ18O values at the Paleocene–Eocene transition. The diversity of the calcareous microfossils is low. The presence of few environmentally tolerant small benthic foraminifera and the absence of planktic forms indicate a restricted palaeoenvironment subject to variation in salinity and temperature. The ostracod fauna is more diverse and is rather comparable to Paleocene and PETM (Paleocene–Eocene thermal maximum) assemblages in northwest Tunisia. While all these microfossils demonstrate various diagenetic features (i.e., phosphatization, secondary mineral overgrowths and infills), the different groups retain distinct stable isotopic compositions, suggesting partial preservation of signatures derived from their respective ecological niches. Few organic-rich layers below the negative δ13C shift yielded dinoflagellate assemblages with the common forms of Adnatosphaeridium sp., Operculodinium sp., Spiniferites spp. and Thalassiphora sp. The rare presences of Apectodinium-complex agree with depositional age prior to the PETM. The combined data emphasize that most of the Chouabine Formation in the Gafsa Basin was deposited during the late Paleocene. The most negative isotopic values from marls are believed to represent the onset of PETM or pre-PETM record, and the related perturbation of the carbon cycle in shallow water deposits in Tunisia.