Relationship Between Concussion and Neuropsychological Performance in College Football Players

• Published in: JAMA : the journal of the American Medical Association Vol. 282; no. 10; pp. 964 - 970
• Main Authors: Collins, Michael W, Grindel, Scott H, Lovell, Mark R, Dede, Duane E, Moser, David J, Phalin, Benjamin R, Nogle, Sally, Wasik, Michael, Cordry, David, Daugherty, Michelle Klotz, Sears, Samuel F, Nicolette, Guy, Indelicato, Peter, McKeag, Douglas B
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Chicago, IL American Medical Association 08.09.1999
• Subjects: Adolescent; Adult; Athletes; Athletic Injuries - complications; Athletic Injuries - physiopathology; Biological and medical sciences; Brain Concussion - complications; Brain Concussion - physiopathology; Cognition; College football; Discriminant Analysis; Football - injuries; Head injuries; Humans; Injuries of the nervous system and the skull. Diseases due to physical agents; Learning disabilities; Learning Disorders - complications; Learning Disorders - physiopathology; Male; Medical research; Medical sciences; Multivariate Analysis; Neuropsychological Tests; Risk Factors; Traumas. Diseases due to physical agents; Universities; United States; North America; America; Human; Nervous system diseases; Craniocerebral; Diseases of the osteoarticular system; Student; Athlete; Football; Trauma; Cerebral disorder; Brain concussion; University; Cohort study; Central nervous system disease; Skull disease; Influence; Intellectual ability; Performance; Neuropsychologia
• ISSN: 0098-7484; 1538-3598
• DOI: 10.1001/jama.282.10.964

CONTEXT Despite the high prevalence and potentially serious outcomes associated with concussion in athletes, there is little systematic research examining risk factors and short- and long-term outcomes. OBJECTIVES To assess the relationship between concussion history and learning disability (LD) and the association of these variables with neuropsychological performance and to evaluate postconcussion recovery in a sample of college football players. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS A total of 393 athletes from 4 university football programs across the United States received preseason baseline evaluations between May 1997 and February 1999. Subjects who had subsequent football-related acute concussions (n=16) underwent neuropsychological comparison with matched control athletes from within the sample (n=10). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Clinical interview, 8 neuropsychological measures, and concussion symptom scale ratings at baseline and after concussion. RESULTS Of the 393 players, 129 (34%) had experienced 1 previous concussion and 79 (20%) had experienced 2 or more concussions. Multivariate analysis of variance yielded significant main effects for both LD (P<.001) and concussion history (P=.009), resulting in lowered baseline neuropsychological performance. A significant interaction was found between LD and history of multiple concussions and LD on 2 neuropsychological measures (Trail-Making Test, Form B [P=.007] and Symbol Digit Modalities Test [P=.009]), indicating poorer performance for the group with LD and multiple concussions compared with other groups. A discriminant function analysis using neuropsychological testing of athletes 24 hours after acute in-season concussion compared with controls resulted in an overall 89.5% correct classification rate. CONCLUSIONS Our study suggests that neuropsychological assessment is a useful indicator of cognitive functioning in athletes and that both history of multiple concussions and LD are associated with reduced cognitive performance. These variables may be detrimentally synergistic and should receive further study.