高水头弧形闸门出口侧墙空化特性及掺气减蚀研究
TV131.3; 高水头泄洪放空洞弧形闸门出口往往需要设置掺气设施以减免高速水流空化空蚀破坏.由于有压出口区域水流流态与结构壁面相互作用复杂,易导致掺气减蚀保护失效,目前,其核心水力致灾原因尚不明确,并且制约着适用于弧形闸门掺气减蚀的技术研发.本文结合实际工程中高水头弧形闸门出口侧墙空蚀破坏实例,采用水力学模型试验与数值模拟方法,对空蚀破坏的水力学成因进行系统分析,并提出了掺气减蚀水力设计方案.结果表明,弧形闸门泄流运行时,高速水流横向扩散显著,侧空腔掺气效果较差,在侧向附壁过程中形成侧墙冲击-低压反射区,导致附壁区水流空化数较低,并存在侧墙清水区域,二者共同作用导致泄洪放空洞侧墙发生空化空蚀...
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| Published in | 工程科学与技术 Vol. 57; no. 2; pp. 84 - 92 |
|---|---|
| Main Authors | , , |
| Format | Journal Article |
| Language | Chinese |
| Published |
四川水利职业技术学院,四川 成都 611830%四川大学 山区河流保护与治理全国重点实验室,四川 成都 610065
01.03.2025
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| Subjects | |
| Online Access | Get full text |
| ISSN | 2096-3246 |
| DOI | 10.15961/j.jsuese.202300347 |
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| Abstract | TV131.3; 高水头泄洪放空洞弧形闸门出口往往需要设置掺气设施以减免高速水流空化空蚀破坏.由于有压出口区域水流流态与结构壁面相互作用复杂,易导致掺气减蚀保护失效,目前,其核心水力致灾原因尚不明确,并且制约着适用于弧形闸门掺气减蚀的技术研发.本文结合实际工程中高水头弧形闸门出口侧墙空蚀破坏实例,采用水力学模型试验与数值模拟方法,对空蚀破坏的水力学成因进行系统分析,并提出了掺气减蚀水力设计方案.结果表明,弧形闸门泄流运行时,高速水流横向扩散显著,侧空腔掺气效果较差,在侧向附壁过程中形成侧墙冲击-低压反射区,导致附壁区水流空化数较低,并存在侧墙清水区域,二者共同作用导致泄洪放空洞侧墙发生空化空蚀破坏,这种不利影响在大流量、闸门局开条件下更为严重.基于提高侧墙水流空化数与改善侧掺气空腔掺气效果,提出了侧墙二级收缩掺气坎,实现低压空蚀风险区域水流脱壁,末端侧向水流附壁全断面掺气减蚀.研究成果将为弧形闸门出口掺气减蚀水力设计提供科学依据,保障高水头泄洪建筑物的安全运行. |
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| AbstractList | TV131.3; 高水头泄洪放空洞弧形闸门出口往往需要设置掺气设施以减免高速水流空化空蚀破坏.由于有压出口区域水流流态与结构壁面相互作用复杂,易导致掺气减蚀保护失效,目前,其核心水力致灾原因尚不明确,并且制约着适用于弧形闸门掺气减蚀的技术研发.本文结合实际工程中高水头弧形闸门出口侧墙空蚀破坏实例,采用水力学模型试验与数值模拟方法,对空蚀破坏的水力学成因进行系统分析,并提出了掺气减蚀水力设计方案.结果表明,弧形闸门泄流运行时,高速水流横向扩散显著,侧空腔掺气效果较差,在侧向附壁过程中形成侧墙冲击-低压反射区,导致附壁区水流空化数较低,并存在侧墙清水区域,二者共同作用导致泄洪放空洞侧墙发生空化空蚀破坏,这种不利影响在大流量、闸门局开条件下更为严重.基于提高侧墙水流空化数与改善侧掺气空腔掺气效果,提出了侧墙二级收缩掺气坎,实现低压空蚀风险区域水流脱壁,末端侧向水流附壁全断面掺气减蚀.研究成果将为弧形闸门出口掺气减蚀水力设计提供科学依据,保障高水头泄洪建筑物的安全运行. |
| Abstract_FL | Objective In high-head spillway tunnels,aeration devices are often installed at the outset of the radial gate to reduce cavitation erosion.Despite these precautions,cavitation erosion persists due to the complex flow pattern near the radial gate.Once the flow is discharged into an open chan-nel,the pressure relief effect lead to the diffusion of high-speed flow and the flow quickly reaches the bottom and side walls of the channel,result-ing clogging risk in aeration area.Up to the present,the hydraulic reason for weakening the aeration performance are still unknown,and there are little hydraulic designs to improve the aeration protection for the radial gate.Typically,the lateral and bottom aerators are installed at the pressur-ized outlet when the flow is directed into an open channel under high-head conditions.However,the lateral and vertical diffusions of flow com-plicates the flow pattern near the radial gate,influencing the effectiveness of the lateral and bottom aerators.It is significant to understand the aer-ation protection nullification mechanism and propose effective aerator designs for the sidewall and bottom protection.The present study focused on a given prototype hydraulic engineering featuring a radial gate in a high-head spillway tunnel,where the tunnel wall is damaged by cavitation erosion.
Methods Focused on the cavitation erosion in the given prototype tunnel,the present study obtained the hydraulic characteristics based on experi-mental and numerical results,optimizing the lateral aerator.The physical model was designed based on Froude similarity criterion,and the numer-ical simulation model was established according to the prototype tunnel.The effects of aeration devices on the aeration protection efficiency were analyzed using aeration flow pattern,cavity length,flow velocity field and flow cavitation number.In the present study,the RNG k-ε turbulent model was used to simulate three-dimensional flow field of the radial gate,the VOF was used to simulate the aeration cavity,and the partial dif-ferential equations were discretized based on the control volume method,the SIMPLER model was employed for numerical simulation.The three dimensional structured grids were constructed for the spillway tunnel,and the high grid density in the radial gate,aeration cavity and wall bound-ary areas can enhance the accuracy of calculation.
Results and Discussions The experimental results show that the three dimensional diffusion is significant when the flow is separated from the ra-dial gate,featuring strong water-wing effect above the flow.The lateral aeration cavity is shorter than the bottom aeration cavity,resulting in weakened lateral aeration.The re-attachment flow cannot entrain enough air into the flow.Moreover,the lateral diffused flow may encroach upon the bottom cavity area,increasing the risk of cavity clogging.The numerical results show that the lateral impact and rebound motion of flow on the sidewall cause a low-pressure area when the high-speed flow discharges from the radial gate.The cavitation erosion observed in the prototype tunnel aligns with the low pressure and clear water area on the sidewall.For different gate opening tests,the above phenomenon persists due to the constrain of the radial gate on the flow diffusion.It is also the main reason for the side-wall cavitation erosion under high-speed flow and low flow cavitation coefficient.With the increase in gate opening,the restraining effect of radial gate decreases and the lateral cavity length increases.Espe-cially under high-head and partial gate opening conditions,the adverse phenomenon is even worse.In order to prevent the cavitation erosion on sidewalls,the current study proposed two hydraulic design principles:increasing the sidewall pressure and flow cavitation coefficient and optimiz-ing the design of shrinking side-wall aerator.Based on experimental and numerical results,the one-step and two-step sidewall aeration designs are proposed to improve the flow cavitation coefficient and eliminate the clear water area.The optimized aerators can make the flow cavitation num-ber σ larger than 0.3 for all gate opening tests.However,for the one-step aerator,the lateral cavity length surpasses the bottom cavity for large gate opening(Fr<6.0),leading to the weaken aeration.The ratio of lateral and bottom cavity length is smaller than 1.0 to avoid strong water-wing effects and cavity plugging.The process of lateral impact and rebound can reduce the clear water area of the sidewall,while the multi-step aeration process can improve the aeration level in the cavitation erosion dangerous area.It should be noted that the present study mainly focus on the macroscopic aeration properties,such as aeration cavity length and flow cavitation number,which can verify the availability of aeration pro-tection.For the microscopic aeration properties,such as air concentration distribution,bubble quantity and size distributions,the effects of aerator factors on air-water flows need to be further explored.
Conclusions The present study conducted a series of experiments and numerical simulations to investigate the reason of the cavitation erosion in high-head spillway tunnels,proposing effective lateral aerator designs to improve the aeration protection.The lateral flow causes the weakened aeration,resulting in a clear water area on the sidewall and low flow cavitation coefficient.For all gate opening tests,the combination of two-step lateral aerator and the bottom aerator can effectively eliminate the clear water area on the tunnel walls,and the three-dimensional aeration is suffi-cient with the steady air-water flow pattern.The excellent aeration performance of the two-step aerator is adaptable for all gate opening tests and can improve the safety of high-head spillway tunnels. |
| Author | 邓军 王伟 卫望汝 |
| AuthorAffiliation | 四川水利职业技术学院,四川 成都 611830%四川大学 山区河流保护与治理全国重点实验室,四川 成都 610065 |
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| Author_FL | DENG Jun WANG Wei WEI Wangru |
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| ClassificationCodes | TV131.3 |
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| Copyright | Copyright © Wanfang Data Co. Ltd. All Rights Reserved. |
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| DOI | 10.15961/j.jsuese.202300347 |
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| DocumentTitle_FL | Cavitation Characteristics and Aeration Mitigation for the Sidewall of a Radial Gate in a High-head Tunnel |
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| Keywords | high-speed flow radial gate cavitation erosion 弧形闸门 空蚀破坏 高速水流 aeration protection bottom tunnel 泄洪洞 掺气减蚀 |
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| Publisher | 四川水利职业技术学院,四川 成都 611830%四川大学 山区河流保护与治理全国重点实验室,四川 成都 610065 |
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| Snippet | TV131.3; 高水头泄洪放空洞弧形闸门出口往往需要设置掺气设施以减免高速水流空化空蚀破坏.由于有压出口区域水流流态与结构壁面相互作用复杂,易导致掺气减蚀保护失效,目前,... |
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| Title | 高水头弧形闸门出口侧墙空化特性及掺气减蚀研究 |
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