都心定住集合住宅の更新に関する研究

• Published in: 住宅総合研究財団研究年報 Vol. 25; pp. 83 - 94
• Main Authors: 伊藤 直明, 小川 信子, 橋本 文隆, 丸山 欣也, 志岐 祐一
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: Japanese
• Published: Housing Research Foundation "JUSOKEN" 1999; 一般財団法人 住総研
• ISSN: 0916-1864; 2423-9879
• DOI: 10.20803/jusokennen.25.0_83

Edogawa Apartment House was built with the aim at an ideal urban housing complex. The residents highly appreciate the progressive ideas that shaped the housing complex for their experiences. Various ideas and architectural devices can be seen throughout the complex that contributes to developing this community. This study aims to understand some important factors from the experiences of Dojun-kai Edogawa Apartment House that can be inherited and applied to urban housing complexes in the next century. For this purpose, we examined the concept of the original plan, the process of forming the community, actual activities of the community, consciousness of the residents, and transformation of dwelling styles. Through this study process, we found a number of architectural documents and newspaper published by community activities. We also organized these old records. The major conclusions are: 1) In the layout of the units and the masterplan, merits of both Japanese and Western living style were considered. Rational use of limited space as well as the design and proportion of the building was emphasized. 2) A collective radio and operator assisted telephone which could also be used to alert residents in case of emergency, a central heating system, and elevators as well as other facilities were important factors that supported the community. 3) Efforts to achieve ventilation, especially during the hot and humid summers, can be seen in each units. The locations and types of windows were determined taking into consideration the flow of the wind from courtyard. Glass roofs and louvers as well as other devices were used at the top of the staircases to enhance ventilation. 4) Families were able to reside in there housing complex over long terms by moving to different types of units or inhabiting additional units over a short or extended period to meet their changing needs. Communal spaces such as a meeting room, a common bath house, dining hall, barber shop, and the courtyard were significant in shaping the community. It is difficult to understand throughout the critical elements in our living environment. Therefore, it is necessary to record and analyze long-term dwelling experiences, and continue these efforts. 江戸川アパートメントは，都心定住型集合住宅のあるべき姿を追求し，建設されたもので，その基本にある斬新な考え方は，実際の生活体験を通して，極めて高く評価されている。また随所にみられる工夫が，充実したコミュニティ形成に寄与してきたと考えられる。本研究では21世紀の都心定住の集合住宅にも受け継がれるべき要素を求めて，計画時の考え方と実際のコミュニテイの形成と運営，居住者の意識，住まい方の変遷等を考察するとともに，発見された厖大な資料の整理分析と保存を検討した。その成果は以下の如くである。1)典型的な和式及び洋式の住戸について行なった実測，並びに資料分析等により，住棟及び住戸計画では，和・洋の長所を採り入れる工夫，限られた空間の有効利用など，合理性の徹底的追求，意匠・プロポーションの重視がみられた。2)設備的には，緊急時の連絡放送にも使われた共同受信式ラジオ，構内電話その他中央式蒸気暖房，自動運転式エレベーターなどの共用施設がコミュニティを支える要素となっていた。3)各住戸における夏期の通風や換気の重視，中庭の樹木へ配慮した風の導入・風通し等を考慮した開口部や建具，ガラス屋根や換気ガラリ等を備えた階段項部等の工夫に，自然を利用し，自然と共生する努力がみられる。4)多様な住戸プランに合わせた住み替え，単身室の短期的活用，複数住戸の使用等により，家族構成の変化に対応した定住が可能となった。また，社交室，共同浴場，食堂，理髪店，中庭等の共用空間がコミュニティの醸成に大きく寄与した。人間の住環境にとって，必要な要素を見極めることは難しく，広い視点に立って長期にわたる生活体験を記録分析することが不可欠であり，今後も調査分析を加える必要がある。