The Heritagization of Traditional Subsistence Activities: A Case Study on Ama Fishing in Toba City, Japan
In modern society, where everything can be considered cultural heritage, the concept of a heritage system is both newly established and expanding. In 2004, the category of Folk Techniques was added to the list of Important Intangible Folk Cultural Property set down in the Law for the Protection of C...
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| Published in | Journal of Environmental Sociology Vol. 25; pp. 186 - 201 |
|---|---|
| Main Author | |
| Format | Journal Article |
| Language | Japanese |
| Published |
Japanese Association for Environmental Sociology
05.12.2019
環境社会学会 |
| Subjects | |
| Online Access | Get full text |
| ISSN | 2434-0618 |
| DOI | 10.24779/jpkankyo.25.0_186 |
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| Abstract | In modern society, where everything can be considered cultural heritage, the concept of a heritage system is both newly established and expanding. In 2004, the category of Folk Techniques was added to the list of Important Intangible Folk Cultural Property set down in the Law for the Protection of Cultural Properties（1950）. This amendment affected traditional subsistence activities and designated them as cultural properties. Subsequently, ama（a female shell diver）fishing in Toba City, Mie prefecture, was designated as a folk technique in 2017, and Mie prefecture began to promote the activity as a regional resource and cultural property. However, prior research has pointed out the risk of creating a hierarchy of value by promoting subsistence activities as cultural heritage. Research has also discussed how communities can reconstruct socio-economic and cultural connections with local heritage, as well as regain the perception that they can legitimately control these connections. The purpose of this paper is to investigate how the process of heritagization affects highly embodied subsistence activities, using ama fishing as an example. It suggests that the previously existing system of subsistence activities has been reorganized within the context of cultural heritage and regional development. Due to external intervention, plural legitimacies and their contradictions have occurred. At the same time, the ama have been subject to changes in both their social perception and their governance system. Therefore, when considering ama fishing and other highly embodied subsistence activities, it is important to explore how to govern with consideration for the daily life of local people and their legitimacy to participate in governance, particularly in regard to their social positioning. |
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| AbstractList | In modern society, where everything can be considered cultural heritage, the concept of a heritage system is both newly established and expanding. In 2004, the category of Folk Techniques was added to the list of Important Intangible Folk Cultural Property set down in the Law for the Protection of Cultural Properties（1950）. This amendment affected traditional subsistence activities and designated them as cultural properties. Subsequently, ama（a female shell diver）fishing in Toba City, Mie prefecture, was designated as a folk technique in 2017, and Mie prefecture began to promote the activity as a regional resource and cultural property. However, prior research has pointed out the risk of creating a hierarchy of value by promoting subsistence activities as cultural heritage. Research has also discussed how communities can reconstruct socio-economic and cultural connections with local heritage, as well as regain the perception that they can legitimately control these connections. The purpose of this paper is to investigate how the process of heritagization affects highly embodied subsistence activities, using ama fishing as an example. It suggests that the previously existing system of subsistence activities has been reorganized within the context of cultural heritage and regional development. Due to external intervention, plural legitimacies and their contradictions have occurred. At the same time, the ama have been subject to changes in both their social perception and their governance system. Therefore, when considering ama fishing and other highly embodied subsistence activities, it is important to explore how to govern with consideration for the daily life of local people and their legitimacy to participate in governance, particularly in regard to their social positioning. In modern society, where everything can be considered cultural heritage, the concept of a heritage system is both newly established and expanding. In 2004, the category of Folk Techniques was added to the list of Important Intangible Folk Cultural Property set down in the Law for the Protection of Cultural Properties（1950）. This amendment affected traditional subsistence activities and designated them as cultural properties. Subsequently, ama（a female shell diver）fishing in Toba City, Mie prefecture, was designated as a folk technique in 2017, and Mie prefecture began to promote the activity as a regional resource and cultural property. However, prior research has pointed out the risk of creating a hierarchy of value by promoting subsistence activities as cultural heritage. Research has also discussed how communities can reconstruct socio-economic and cultural connections with local heritage, as well as regain the perception that they can legitimately control these connections. The purpose of this paper is to investigate how the process of heritagization affects highly embodied subsistence activities, using ama fishing as an example. It suggests that the previously existing system of subsistence activities has been reorganized within the context of cultural heritage and regional development. Due to external intervention, plural legitimacies and their contradictions have occurred. At the same time, the ama have been subject to changes in both their social perception and their governance system. Therefore, when considering ama fishing and other highly embodied subsistence activities, it is important to explore how to govern with consideration for the daily life of local people and their legitimacy to participate in governance, particularly in regard to their social positioning. あらゆるものが文化遺産となりうる現代，国内でも遺産制度の拡大や新設が相次いでいる。文化財保護法の重要無形民俗文化財に 2004 年に追加された民俗技術というカテゴリーは，モノや環境だけでなく生産活動までを文化財の対象とする契機であった。本稿の事例である三重県鳥羽市の海女漁は，2017 年に国重要無形民俗文化財に指定されたほか，地域資源として「振興」が目指されている。先行研究では遺産化による価値やかかわりの序列化の危険性が指摘され，いかに対象と地域社会との社会経済文化的な「つながり」を再構築しうるか，地域社会はいかにかかわりのレジティマシーを獲得しうるかが検討されてきた。本稿では高度に身体化された人間の生産活動が文化遺産や地域資源の対象となるとき，この問題にいかなる論点を加えられるのかを検討した。示唆されるのは，文化遺産や地域振興の文脈において生業システムが組み換えられ，外的介入によってレジティマシーの複数性やその矛盾，生業従事者の社会的分化が生じた結果，ガバナンスのしくみが変容しつつあることだ。身体化された生業においては，日常的な生業や社会生活のレベルでの共同性のありようや，遺産の客体であると同時に主体でもある海女の「変化の社会的コントロール」の可能性を探りながらガバナンスのありかたを探ることが重要である。 |
| Author | YOSHIMURA, Mai |
| Author_FL | 吉村 真衣 |
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| References | 片桐新自編，2000，『歴史的環境の社会学』新曜社 Harrison, R., 2013, Heritage : Critical Approaches, New York: Routledge. 木原啓吉，1982，『歴史的環境——保存と再生』岩波書店 田中英資，2017，『文化遺産はだれのものか——トルコ・アナトリア諸文明の遺物をめぐる所有と保護』春風社 塚本明，2012，「都びとのあこがれ——歴史に見る志摩の『観光海女』」『三重大史学』12：15-39 牧野由朗編，1994，『志摩の漁村』名著出版 鬼頭秀一，1996，『自然保護を問いなおす——環境倫理とネットワーク』筑摩書房 牧野厚史，1999，「歴史的環境保全における『歴史』の位置づけ——町並み保全を中心として」『環境社会学研究』5：232-239 鳥羽市教育委員会，2018，『鳥羽市歴史学習本とばっこ探偵団——海からの挑戦状』 木村至聖，2014，『産業遺産の記憶と表象——「軍艦島」をめぐるポリティクス』京都大学学術出版会 野田浩資，2001，「歴史的環境の保全と地域社会の再構築」鳥越皓之編『講座環境社会学第3巻 自然環境と環境文化』有斐閣，191-215 鳥羽市立海の博物館，2018，「海女操業人数の変化」鳥羽市立海の博物館ホームページ（2019年7月20日取得，http://www.umihaku.com/tenji/jyousetu/index.html#shimanoama） 森久聡，2016，『〈鞆の浦〉の歴史保存とまちづくり——環境と記憶のローカル・ポリティクス』新曜社 荻野昌弘編，2002，『文化遺産の社会学——ルーヴル美術館から原爆ドームまで』新曜社 三重県教育委員会，2012，『海女習俗基礎調査報告書——平成22・23年度調査』 三重県農水商工部水産基盤室，2010，『三重の漁港』 Smith, L., 2006, Uses of Heritage, New York: Routledge. 宮内泰介編，2006，『コモンズをささえるしくみ——レジティマシーの環境社会学』新曜社 堀川三郎，2018，『町並み保存運動の論理と帰結——小樽運河問題の社会学的分析』東京大学出版会 2014，『平成24・25年度 海女習俗調査報告書——鳥羽・志摩の海女による素潜り漁』 |
| References_xml | – reference: 牧野厚史，1999，「歴史的環境保全における『歴史』の位置づけ——町並み保全を中心として」『環境社会学研究』5：232-239． – reference: 堀川三郎，2018，『町並み保存運動の論理と帰結——小樽運河問題の社会学的分析』東京大学出版会． – reference: 野田浩資，2001，「歴史的環境の保全と地域社会の再構築」鳥越皓之編『講座環境社会学第3巻 自然環境と環境文化』有斐閣，191-215． – reference: Smith, L., 2006, Uses of Heritage, New York: Routledge. – reference: 森久聡，2016，『〈鞆の浦〉の歴史保存とまちづくり——環境と記憶のローカル・ポリティクス』新曜社． – reference: 三重県農水商工部水産基盤室，2010，『三重の漁港』． – reference: 宮内泰介編，2006，『コモンズをささえるしくみ——レジティマシーの環境社会学』新曜社． – reference: Harrison, R., 2013, Heritage : Critical Approaches, New York: Routledge. – reference: 荻野昌弘編，2002，『文化遺産の社会学——ルーヴル美術館から原爆ドームまで』新曜社． – reference: 鳥羽市教育委員会，2018，『鳥羽市歴史学習本とばっこ探偵団——海からの挑戦状』． – reference: 片桐新自編，2000，『歴史的環境の社会学』新曜社． – reference: 田中英資，2017，『文化遺産はだれのものか——トルコ・アナトリア諸文明の遺物をめぐる所有と保護』春風社． – reference: 木原啓吉，1982，『歴史的環境——保存と再生』岩波書店． – reference: 木村至聖，2014，『産業遺産の記憶と表象——「軍艦島」をめぐるポリティクス』京都大学学術出版会． – reference: 鬼頭秀一，1996，『自然保護を問いなおす——環境倫理とネットワーク』筑摩書房． – reference: 三重県教育委員会，2012，『海女習俗基礎調査報告書——平成22・23年度調査』． – reference: 牧野由朗編，1994，『志摩の漁村』名著出版． – reference: 鳥羽市立海の博物館，2018，「海女操業人数の変化」鳥羽市立海の博物館ホームページ（2019年7月20日取得，http://www.umihaku.com/tenji/jyousetu/index.html#shimanoama）． – reference: ————，2014，『平成24・25年度 海女習俗調査報告書——鳥羽・志摩の海女による素潜り漁』． – reference: 塚本明，2012，「都びとのあこがれ——歴史に見る志摩の『観光海女』」『三重大史学』12：15-39． |
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| SubjectTerms | Cultural Heritage Governance Legitimacy Regional Resource Traditional Subsistence Activity ガバナンス レジティマシー 地域資源 文化遺産 生業 |
| Title | The Heritagization of Traditional Subsistence Activities: A Case Study on Ama Fishing in Toba City, Japan |
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