Toy safety management and health risks from chemicals
In recent years, there have been concerns regarding an increase in allergic diseases among children and the effects of chemical substances on the stages of development, and the possibility of exposure to chemical substances through familiar daily necessities and the environment has been pointed out...
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| Published in | Journal of the National Institute of Public Health Vol. 72; no. 3; pp. 242 - 248 |
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| Main Authors | , |
| Format | Journal Article |
| Language | Japanese |
| Published |
National Institute of Public Health
31.08.2023
国立保健医療科学院 |
| Subjects | |
| Online Access | Get full text |
| ISSN | 1347-6459 2432-0722 |
| DOI | 10.20683/jniph.72.3_242 |
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| Abstract | In recent years, there have been concerns regarding an increase in allergic diseases among children and the effects of chemical substances on the stages of development, and the possibility of exposure to chemical substances through familiar daily necessities and the environment has been pointed out [1]. Children come into contact with toys containing various chemical substances such as paints and plasticizers very frequently in their daily lives. In particular, plasticizers such as phthalates, which have been pointed out to be harmful to the reproductive functions and fertility of adults, and to have reproductive toxicity such as developmental toxicity for offspring [2], are subject to the standards of the Food Sanitation Law. Safety control measures have been taken, such as the use of concentration limits in toy products in Japan. However, along with the changing times, the types of toys have diversified, and there is a tendency towards an increase due to the distribution of imported goods from overseas and recycled products in the market. Furthermore, in recent years, new products such as tablet devices have become popular among people in a wide range of generations, as familiar daily necessities.On the other hand, based on the results of research on exposure assessments of chemical substances using biological samples, a relatively large number of regulated substances are actually detected as metabolites in products, and new substances with similar structures can be used as substitutes for regulated substances. It has been suggested that the use of such chemicals is increasing. Therefore, in order to maintain a safe life, it can be said that safety management of chemical substances that corresponds to the changing times is necessary. |
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| AbstractList | In recent years, there have been concerns regarding an increase in allergic diseases among children and the effects of chemical substances on the stages of development, and the possibility of exposure to chemical substances through familiar daily necessities and the environment has been pointed out [1]. Children come into contact with toys containing various chemical substances such as paints and plasticizers very frequently in their daily lives. In particular, plasticizers such as phthalates, which have been pointed out to be harmful to the reproductive functions and fertility of adults, and to have reproductive toxicity such as developmental toxicity for offspring [2], are subject to the standards of the Food Sanitation Law. Safety control measures have been taken, such as the use of concentration limits in toy products in Japan. However, along with the changing times, the types of toys have diversified, and there is a tendency towards an increase due to the distribution of imported goods from overseas and recycled products in the market. Furthermore, in recent years, new products such as tablet devices have become popular among people in a wide range of generations, as familiar daily necessities.On the other hand, based on the results of research on exposure assessments of chemical substances using biological samples, a relatively large number of regulated substances are actually detected as metabolites in products, and new substances with similar structures can be used as substitutes for regulated substances. It has been suggested that the use of such chemicals is increasing. Therefore, in order to maintain a safe life, it can be said that safety management of chemical substances that corresponds to the changing times is necessary. In recent years, there have been concerns regarding an increase in allergic diseases among children and the effects of chemical substances on the stages of development, and the possibility of exposure to chemical substances through familiar daily necessities and the environment has been pointed out [1]. Children come into contact with toys containing various chemical substances such as paints and plasticizers very frequently in their daily lives. In particular, plasticizers such as phthalates, which have been pointed out to be harmful to the reproductive functions and fertility of adults, and to have reproductive toxicity such as developmental toxicity for offspring [2], are subject to the standards of the Food Sanitation Law. Safety control measures have been taken, such as the use of concentration limits in toy products in Japan. However, along with the changing times, the types of toys have diversified, and there is a tendency towards an increase due to the distribution of imported goods from overseas and recycled products in the market. Furthermore, in recent years, new products such as tablet devices have become popular among people in a wide range of generations, as familiar daily necessities.On the other hand, based on the results of research on exposure assessments of chemical substances using biological samples, a relatively large number of regulated substances are actually detected as metabolites in products, and new substances with similar structures can be used as substitutes for regulated substances. It has been suggested that the use of such chemicals is increasing. Therefore, in order to maintain a safe life, it can be said that safety management of chemical substances that corresponds to the changing times is necessary. 近年，子どものアレルギー疾患の増加や発達期への影響に対する化学物質の関与が懸念される中，おもちゃは乳幼児期の子どもの身近な生活用品として，化学物質ばく露による健康リスクとの関連が指摘されている．そのため，国内外では，これまでおもちゃに使用される塗料や樹脂に含まれる重金属や可塑剤，着色料など，有害性の高い化合物を中心にばく露評価のための試験法や規格基準が設けられ（食品衛生法［日本］，EN71［欧州］，CPSIA［米国］，ISO 8124など.），各国で安全管理の取り組みが進められてきた．しかしながら，子ども達が日常生活で触れるおもちゃや生活用品は多岐に渡り，規制の基準外の中古製品や工作材料などを含めると，手足や物を口に入れるマウシングなどの特異的な行動によって，日常的におもちゃを介して可塑剤を含めた有害成分を摂取している可能性がある．また，国際的に，おもちゃ業界において圧倒的な生産量を占める中国からの輸入が増えているが，安全管理基準は生産国が独自に設定し生産されているため，国によって規格基準が異なる可能性もある．このような現状を踏まえ，昨今，身近な子ども達の健康と安全な暮らしを守る上では，安全管理のための法規制をより厳格にする必要があるのに加え，我々大人がおもちゃ選びをはじめ正しい知識を持って安心して過ごせる生活環境を提供していくことも，リスクを低減していく上で非常に重要である． |
| Author | YUKAWA, Keiko BEKKI, Kanae |
| Author_FL | 戸次 加奈江 湯川 慶子 |
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| Author_xml | – sequence: 1 fullname: BEKKI, Kanae organization: Department of Environmental Health, National Institute of Public Health – sequence: 1 fullname: YUKAWA, Keiko organization: Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, National Institute of Public Health |
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| Copyright | 2023 National Institute of Public Health, Japan |
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| DocumentTitleAlternate | おもちゃの安全管理と化学物質による健康リスク |
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| EndPage | 248 |
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| Publisher | National Institute of Public Health 国立保健医療科学院 |
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| References | [11] International standard organization: ISO8124-1〜4 (Safety of Toys). https://www.iso.org/standard/80767.html (accessed 2023-05-01) [7] CEマーク．CE Mark. https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/CE%E3%83%9E%E3%83%BC%E3%82%AF (in Japanese)(accessed 2023-05-16) [15] 厚生労働省．輸入食品等の食品衛生法違反事例（2017年度分）．Ministry of Health Labour and Welfare 2017. [Cases of violation of the Food Sanitation Law for imported foods, etc.] 2017. https://view.officeapps.live.com/op/view.aspx?src=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mhlw.go.jp%2Fcontent%2F000331711.xls&wdOrigin=BROWSELINK (in Japanese) (accessed 2023-01-30) [21] 湯川慶子，吉田都美，戸次加奈江．乳幼児を対象とした玩具の取り扱いに関するアンケート調査．令和3年度厚生労働科学研究費補助金食品の安全確保推進研究事業「乳幼児期の玩具使用における健康被害防止に向けた有害性化合物の曝露評価に関する研究」（研究代表者：戸次加奈江．20KA3001）令和3年度分担研究報告書．2022. p.59-73.Yukawa K, Yoshida T, Bekki K. [Questionnaire survey on handling of toys for infants.] Health, Labour and Welfare Science Research Grants-in-Aid for the Promotion of Food Safety, “Research on exposure assessment of toxic compounds for prevention of health hazards in infant toy use” (Principal Investigator: Bekki Kanae. 20KA3001) Report of the Joint Research Project in 2021. 2022. p.59-73. (in Japanese) [13] 戸次加奈江，高口倖暉，稲葉洋平．乳幼児用玩具に含まれる可塑剤・難燃剤に関する分析法の改良．厚生労働科学研究費補助金食品の安全確保推進研究事業「乳幼児期の玩具使用における健康被害防止に向けた有害性化合物の曝露評価に関する研究」（研究代表者：戸次加奈江．20KA3001）令和3年度分担研究報告書．2022. p.7-26.Bekki K, Takaguchi K, Inaba Y. [Improvement of analytical methods for plasticizers and flame retardants contained in infant toys. Health, Labour and Welfare Science Research Grants-in-Aid for the Promotion of Food Safety, “Research on exposure assessment of toxic compounds for the prevention of health hazards in infant toys” (Principal Investigator: Bekki K. 20KA3001) Report of the research project in 2021.] 2022. p.7-26. (in Japanese) [19] European Union 2007. EU risk assesment report BBP_benzylbutylphthalate (BBP). https://echa.europa.eu/documents/10162/bad5c928-93a5-4592-a4f6-e02c5e89c299 (accessed 2023-05-22) [1] 環境省．小児の環境保健に関する懇談会報告書．平成18年8月．Ministry of the Environment. [Report of the Advisory Committee on Children’s Environmental Health, August 2006.] https://www.env.go.jp/chemi/report/h18-04/main.pdf (in Japanese)(accessed 2023-04-16) [17] Consumer Product Safety Commission. RC2 Corp. Recalls additional Thomas & Friends™ wooden railway toys due to violation of lead paint standard. https://www.cpsc.gov/Recalls/2007/rc2-corp-recalls-additional-thomas-friends-wooden-railway-toys-due-to-violation-of-lead (accessed 2023-03-15) [18] European Union 2003. EU risk assesment report DINP_1,2-benzenedicarboxylic acid, di-C8-10branched alkyl esters, C9-rich and di-“isononyl” phthalate (DINP). European Union risk assessment report - Publications Office of the EU (europa.eu). https://echa.europa.eu/documents/10162/83a55967-64a9-43cd-a0fa-d3f2d3c4938d (accessed 2023-05-22) [12] The Commission of The European Communities. Commission Decision of 7 December 1999 (1999/815/EC). Official Journal of the European Communities 1999. [16] 厚生労働省．輸入食品等の食品衛生法違反事例（2019年度分）．Ministry of Health Labour and Welfare. [Cases of violation of the Food Sanitation Law for imported foods, etc.] 2019. https://view.officeapps.live.com/op/view.aspx?src=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mhlw.go.jp%2Fcontent%2F000763104.xls&wdOrigin=BROWSELINK (in Japanese) (accessed 2023-01-30) [2] Jugan ML, Levi Y, Blondeau JP. Endocrine disruptors and thyroid hormone physiology. Biochem Pharmacol. 2010;79(7):939-947. [10] Consumer Product Safety Improvement Act of 2008. https://www.cpsc.gov/s3fs-public/cpsia.pdf (accessed 2023-05-16) [22] 消費者庁．子どもを事故から守る！事故防止ポータル．Consumer Affairs Agency. [Protecting children from accidents! Accident Prevention Portal.] https://www.caa.go.jp/policies/policy/consumer_safety/child/ (in Japanese) (accessed 2023-02-19) [23] 消費者庁．子どもを事故から守る‼事故防止ハンドブック．Consumer Affairs Agency. [Protecting children from accidents! Accident prevention handbook.] https://www.caa.go.jp/policies/policy/consumer_safety/child/project_002/ (in Japanese)(accessed 2023-02-19) [4] 厚生労働省．食品衛生法施行規則第78条（昭和23年7月13日厚生省令第23号）．Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare. [Food Sanitation Law Enforcement Regulation Article 78 (July 13, 1948, Ministry of Health and Welfare Ordinance No. 23).] https://www.cas.go.jp/jp/seisaku/hourei/data/oefs_2.pdf (in Japanese)(accessed 2023-05-02) [9] Consumer Product Safety Act. https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/STATUTE-86/pdf/STATUTE-86-Pg1207.pdf (accessed 2023-05-16) [6] 一般社団法人日本玩具協会．玩具安全（ST）基準．Japan Toy Association. [Toy Safety (ST) Standards.] https://www.toys.or.jp/jigyou_st_top.html (in Japanese)(accessed 2023-05-15) [20] European Union 2008. EU risk assesment report DEHP_bis2-ethylhexylphthalate (DEHP). european union risk assessment report bis2-ethylhexylphthalate-LBNA23384ENC.pdf (accessed 2023-05-22) [8] Commission implementing decision (EU) 2021/1992 of 15 November 2021 on harmonised standard for toys drafted in support of Directive 2009/48/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:32021D1992&from=EN (accessed 2023-05-16) [3] 厚生労働省．食品衛生法第62条第1項（昭和22年12月24日法律第233号)．Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare. [Food Sanitation Law Article 62, Paragraph 1(Law No. 233 of December 24, 1947).] https://www.mhlw.go.jp/web/t_doc?dataId=78330000&dataType=0&pageNo=1 (in Japanese)(accessed 2023-05-15 [14] 杉田たき子，平山クニ，新野竜太，石橋亨，山田隆．ポリ塩化ビニル製玩具中のフタル酸エステル含有量．食品衛生学雑誌．2001;42(1):48-55.Sugita T, Hirayama K, Nino R, Ishibashi T, Yamada T. [Contents of phthalate in polyvinyl chloride toys.] Food Hygiene and Safety Science. 2001;42(1):48-55. (in Japanese) [5] 厚生労働省．食品，添加物等の規格基準 第4おもちゃ（改正令和2年厚生労働省告示第381号）．Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare. [Standards for Foods, Additives, etc., Toy No. 4 (Revised: Notification No. 381 of the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare, 2020).] https://www.mhlw.go.jp/content/000757880.pdf (in Japanese)(accessed 2023-05-12) |
| References_xml | – reference: [15] 厚生労働省．輸入食品等の食品衛生法違反事例（2017年度分）．Ministry of Health Labour and Welfare 2017. [Cases of violation of the Food Sanitation Law for imported foods, etc.] 2017. https://view.officeapps.live.com/op/view.aspx?src=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mhlw.go.jp%2Fcontent%2F000331711.xls&wdOrigin=BROWSELINK (in Japanese) (accessed 2023-01-30) – reference: [11] International standard organization: ISO8124-1〜4 (Safety of Toys). https://www.iso.org/standard/80767.html (accessed 2023-05-01) – reference: [5] 厚生労働省．食品，添加物等の規格基準 第4おもちゃ（改正令和2年厚生労働省告示第381号）．Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare. [Standards for Foods, Additives, etc., Toy No. 4 (Revised: Notification No. 381 of the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare, 2020).] https://www.mhlw.go.jp/content/000757880.pdf (in Japanese)(accessed 2023-05-12) – reference: [16] 厚生労働省．輸入食品等の食品衛生法違反事例（2019年度分）．Ministry of Health Labour and Welfare. [Cases of violation of the Food Sanitation Law for imported foods, etc.] 2019. https://view.officeapps.live.com/op/view.aspx?src=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mhlw.go.jp%2Fcontent%2F000763104.xls&wdOrigin=BROWSELINK (in Japanese) (accessed 2023-01-30) – reference: [19] European Union 2007. EU risk assesment report BBP_benzylbutylphthalate (BBP). https://echa.europa.eu/documents/10162/bad5c928-93a5-4592-a4f6-e02c5e89c299 (accessed 2023-05-22) – reference: [9] Consumer Product Safety Act. https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/STATUTE-86/pdf/STATUTE-86-Pg1207.pdf (accessed 2023-05-16) – reference: [7] CEマーク．CE Mark. https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/CE%E3%83%9E%E3%83%BC%E3%82%AF (in Japanese)(accessed 2023-05-16) – reference: [17] Consumer Product Safety Commission. RC2 Corp. Recalls additional Thomas & Friends™ wooden railway toys due to violation of lead paint standard. https://www.cpsc.gov/Recalls/2007/rc2-corp-recalls-additional-thomas-friends-wooden-railway-toys-due-to-violation-of-lead (accessed 2023-03-15) – reference: [12] The Commission of The European Communities. Commission Decision of 7 December 1999 (1999/815/EC). Official Journal of the European Communities 1999. – reference: [2] Jugan ML, Levi Y, Blondeau JP. Endocrine disruptors and thyroid hormone physiology. Biochem Pharmacol. 2010;79(7):939-947. – reference: [21] 湯川慶子，吉田都美，戸次加奈江．乳幼児を対象とした玩具の取り扱いに関するアンケート調査．令和3年度厚生労働科学研究費補助金食品の安全確保推進研究事業「乳幼児期の玩具使用における健康被害防止に向けた有害性化合物の曝露評価に関する研究」（研究代表者：戸次加奈江．20KA3001）令和3年度分担研究報告書．2022. p.59-73.Yukawa K, Yoshida T, Bekki K. [Questionnaire survey on handling of toys for infants.] Health, Labour and Welfare Science Research Grants-in-Aid for the Promotion of Food Safety, “Research on exposure assessment of toxic compounds for prevention of health hazards in infant toy use” (Principal Investigator: Bekki Kanae. 20KA3001) Report of the Joint Research Project in 2021. 2022. p.59-73. (in Japanese) – reference: [1] 環境省．小児の環境保健に関する懇談会報告書．平成18年8月．Ministry of the Environment. [Report of the Advisory Committee on Children’s Environmental Health, August 2006.] https://www.env.go.jp/chemi/report/h18-04/main.pdf (in Japanese)(accessed 2023-04-16) – reference: [3] 厚生労働省．食品衛生法第62条第1項（昭和22年12月24日法律第233号)．Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare. [Food Sanitation Law Article 62, Paragraph 1(Law No. 233 of December 24, 1947).] https://www.mhlw.go.jp/web/t_doc?dataId=78330000&dataType=0&pageNo=1 (in Japanese)(accessed 2023-05-15) – reference: [23] 消費者庁．子どもを事故から守る‼事故防止ハンドブック．Consumer Affairs Agency. [Protecting children from accidents! Accident prevention handbook.] https://www.caa.go.jp/policies/policy/consumer_safety/child/project_002/ (in Japanese)(accessed 2023-02-19) – reference: [13] 戸次加奈江，高口倖暉，稲葉洋平．乳幼児用玩具に含まれる可塑剤・難燃剤に関する分析法の改良．厚生労働科学研究費補助金食品の安全確保推進研究事業「乳幼児期の玩具使用における健康被害防止に向けた有害性化合物の曝露評価に関する研究」（研究代表者：戸次加奈江．20KA3001）令和3年度分担研究報告書．2022. p.7-26.Bekki K, Takaguchi K, Inaba Y. [Improvement of analytical methods for plasticizers and flame retardants contained in infant toys. Health, Labour and Welfare Science Research Grants-in-Aid for the Promotion of Food Safety, “Research on exposure assessment of toxic compounds for the prevention of health hazards in infant toys” (Principal Investigator: Bekki K. 20KA3001) Report of the research project in 2021.] 2022. p.7-26. (in Japanese) – reference: [18] European Union 2003. EU risk assesment report DINP_1,2-benzenedicarboxylic acid, di-C8-10branched alkyl esters, C9-rich and di-“isononyl” phthalate (DINP). European Union risk assessment report - Publications Office of the EU (europa.eu). https://echa.europa.eu/documents/10162/83a55967-64a9-43cd-a0fa-d3f2d3c4938d (accessed 2023-05-22) – reference: [6] 一般社団法人日本玩具協会．玩具安全（ST）基準．Japan Toy Association. [Toy Safety (ST) Standards.] https://www.toys.or.jp/jigyou_st_top.html (in Japanese)(accessed 2023-05-15) – reference: [14] 杉田たき子，平山クニ，新野竜太，石橋亨，山田隆．ポリ塩化ビニル製玩具中のフタル酸エステル含有量．食品衛生学雑誌．2001;42(1):48-55.Sugita T, Hirayama K, Nino R, Ishibashi T, Yamada T. [Contents of phthalate in polyvinyl chloride toys.] Food Hygiene and Safety Science. 2001;42(1):48-55. (in Japanese) – reference: [4] 厚生労働省．食品衛生法施行規則第78条（昭和23年7月13日厚生省令第23号）．Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare. [Food Sanitation Law Enforcement Regulation Article 78 (July 13, 1948, Ministry of Health and Welfare Ordinance No. 23).] https://www.cas.go.jp/jp/seisaku/hourei/data/oefs_2.pdf (in Japanese)(accessed 2023-05-02) – reference: [10] Consumer Product Safety Improvement Act of 2008. https://www.cpsc.gov/s3fs-public/cpsia.pdf (accessed 2023-05-16) – reference: [22] 消費者庁．子どもを事故から守る！事故防止ポータル．Consumer Affairs Agency. [Protecting children from accidents! Accident Prevention Portal.] https://www.caa.go.jp/policies/policy/consumer_safety/child/ (in Japanese) (accessed 2023-02-19) – reference: [8] Commission implementing decision (EU) 2021/1992 of 15 November 2021 on harmonised standard for toys drafted in support of Directive 2009/48/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:32021D1992&from=EN (accessed 2023-05-16) – reference: [20] European Union 2008. 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