高リフトオフ対応のせん断波用電磁超音波センサの開発
Effects of lift-off were investigated in thickness measurement of steel plates using electromagnetic acoustic transducers (EMATs) for shear wave. In power plants, steel mills and chemical plants, inner surfaces of tanks and pipes are exposed to severe environments, such as corrosive fluids, elevated...
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| Published in | Transactions of the JSME (in Japanese) Vol. 91; no. 943; p. 25-00028 |
|---|---|
| Main Authors | , , , |
| Format | Journal Article |
| Language | Japanese |
| Published |
一般社団法人 日本機械学会
2025
The Japan Society of Mechanical Engineers |
| Subjects | |
| Online Access | Get full text |
| ISSN | 2187-9761 |
| DOI | 10.1299/transjsme.25-00028 |
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| Abstract | Effects of lift-off were investigated in thickness measurement of steel plates using electromagnetic acoustic transducers (EMATs) for shear wave. In power plants, steel mills and chemical plants, inner surfaces of tanks and pipes are exposed to severe environments, such as corrosive fluids, elevated temperature and high pressure, which may cause internal corrosion and thinning of tank and pipe walls, potentially leading to leaks, reduced efficiency, environmental pollution and serious accidents. Nondestructive thickness measurement is then necessary, and ultrasonic method is promising. However, deposits on outer surfaces create lift-off, hindering the use of piezoelectric transducers. EMATs are suitable for this situation, which can generate and detect ultrasonic waves through electromagnetic interaction without direct contact. In this study, we suggest EMATs with E-shaped cores and butterfly coils, instead of conventional one which consists of magnets and racetrack coil. Assuming application to heat exchanger tubes, the height of EMAT was limited to 20mm, and the effective area to 10mm square. Using numerical analysis, we refined the EMATs by enhancing the magnetic flux density in the thickness direction and the eddy current density. Thickness measurement of steel plate was executed to explore allowable lift-off of each EMAT. Since the analytical results showed that placing steel core on the effective area of the coil reduces eddy current density, we replaced the bottom part of steel core for tapered magnet. The allowable lift-off could be improved up to 6mm. Finally, we calculated the errors in thickness measurements due to lift-off, showing that the errors were generally less than approximately 1%. |
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| AbstractList | Effects of lift-off were investigated in thickness measurement of steel plates using electromagnetic acoustic transducers (EMATs) for shear wave. In power plants, steel mills and chemical plants, inner surfaces of tanks and pipes are exposed to severe environments, such as corrosive fluids, elevated temperature and high pressure, which may cause internal corrosion and thinning of tank and pipe walls, potentially leading to leaks, reduced efficiency, environmental pollution and serious accidents. Nondestructive thickness measurement is then necessary, and ultrasonic method is promising. However, deposits on outer surfaces create lift-off, hindering the use of piezoelectric transducers. EMATs are suitable for this situation, which can generate and detect ultrasonic waves through electromagnetic interaction without direct contact. In this study, we suggest EMATs with E-shaped cores and butterfly coils, instead of conventional one which consists of magnets and racetrack coil. Assuming application to heat exchanger tubes, the height of EMAT was limited to 20mm, and the effective area to 10mm square. Using numerical analysis, we refined the EMATs by enhancing the magnetic flux density in the thickness direction and the eddy current density. Thickness measurement of steel plate was executed to explore allowable lift-off of each EMAT. Since the analytical results showed that placing steel core on the effective area of the coil reduces eddy current density, we replaced the bottom part of steel core for tapered magnet. The allowable lift-off could be improved up to 6mm. Finally, we calculated the errors in thickness measurements due to lift-off, showing that the errors were generally less than approximately 1%. |
| Author | 山崎, 友裕 古田, 久人 濱田, 和生 吉田, 侑生 |
| Author_FL | HAMADA Kazuki YAMASAKI Tomohiro YOSHIDA Yuki FURUTA Hisato |
| Author_FL_xml | – sequence: 1 fullname: YOSHIDA Yuki – sequence: 2 fullname: YAMASAKI Tomohiro – sequence: 3 fullname: FURUTA Hisato – sequence: 4 fullname: HAMADA Kazuki |
| Author_xml | – sequence: 1 fullname: 吉田, 侑生 organization: 大阪公立大学大学院 工学研究科 – sequence: 1 fullname: 濱田, 和生 organization: （株）カナデビアエンジニアリング – sequence: 1 fullname: 山崎, 友裕 organization: 大阪公立大学大学院 工学研究科 – sequence: 1 fullname: 古田, 久人 organization: （株）カナデビアエンジニアリング |
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| Copyright | 2025 一般社団法人日本機械学会 |
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| DocumentTitleAlternate | Development of Electromagnetic Acoustic Transducers for Shear Wave Applicable to High Lift-off |
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| References | Nuclear and Industrial Safety Agency, The secondary system pipe rupture accident at the mihama power station unit 3 of Kansai Electric Power Co., Inc., (Final Report), Japan Atomic Energy Commission (online) (in Japanese), pp.1-52, available from <https://www.aec.go.jp/jicst/NC/iinkai/teirei/siryo2005/siryo13/siryo11.pdf>, (accessed on 1 July, 2024). Miyazono, S., Ueda, S., Shibata, K., Isozaki, T., Onizawa, K., Chujo, N., Kurihara, R., Hashiguchi I. and Kato, K., Pipe rupture accident on surry nuclear power plant, Journal of the Atomic Energy Society of Japan (in Japanese), Vol.29, No.11 (1987), pp.952-969, DOI: 10.3327/jaesj.29.952. Urayama, R., Uchimoto, T., Takagi, T. and Kanemoto, S., Online monitoring of pipe wall thinning with electromagnetic acoustic resonance method, Journal of the Japan Society of Maintenology (in Japanese), Vol.11, No.4 (2013), pp.83-89. Isla, J. and Cegla, F., Optimization of the bias magnetic field of shear wave EMATs, IEEE Transactions on Ultrasonics, Ferroelectrics, and Frequency Control, Vol.63, No.8 (2016), pp.1148-1160, DOI: 10.1109/TUFFC.2016.2558467. Haga, H., Matsuo, Y., Nakagawa, M., Tomitaka, T., Nishimura, Y., Tamura, K. and Hanaguchi, M., Development of ultrasonic continuous thickness measurement equipment for piping, Journal of the Japanese Society for Non-Destructive Inspection (in Japanese), Vol.59, No.4 (2010), pp.189-193, DOI: doi.org/10.11396/jjsndi.59.189. Hou, Z., Cai, D., Liu, D., Duan, Y., Meng, H., Liu, S. and Liu, X., Development of an electromagnetic bulk wave EMAT, Journal of Physics: Conference Series, Vol.2674, No.1 (2023), DOI:10.1088/1742-6596/2674/1/012012. Huang, S., Zhao, W., Zhang, Y. and Wang, S., Study on the lift-off effect of EMAT, Sensors and Actuators A: Physical, Vol.153, No.2 (2009), pp.218-221, DOI: 10.1016/j.sna.2009.05.014. Mitani, K., Nakayama, Y., Kanai, E., Mochizuki, M. and Toyoda M., Evaluation of wall thinning for steel plates by electromagnetic acoustic resonance spectrum, quarterly journal of the Japan Welding Society (in Japanese), Vol.25, No.4 (2007), pp.507-513, DOI: 10.2207/qjjws.25.507. Liang, B., Li, Z., Zhai, G., Yang R., Zhang, X. and Dixon, S., Enhancing the lift-off performance of EMATs by applying an Fe3O4 coating to a test specimen, IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement, Vol.72 (2023), pp.1-4, DOI: 10.1109/TIM.2022.3223076. Tomeczek, J. and Wacławiak, K., Two-dimensional modelling of deposits formation on platen superheaters in pulverized coal boilers, Fuel, Vol.88, No.8 (2009), pp.1466-1471, DOI: doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2009.02.023. Wu, Y. and Wu, Y., The effect of magnet-to-coil distance on the performance characteristics of EMATs, Sensors, Vol.20, No.18 (2020), DOI: 10.3390/s20185096. Liang, Y., Li, J., Long, X., Lu, X. and Zhang, D., A numerical simulation study of ash deposition in a circulating fluidized bed during Zhundong lignite combustion, Fuel, Vol.333, Part 2 (2023), DOI: doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2022.126501. Xiang, L., Dixon, S., Thring, C.B., Li, Z. and Edwards, R.S., Lift-off performance of electromagnetic acoustic transducers (EMATs) for surface acoustic wave generation, NDT and E International, Vol.126 (2021), DOI: 10.1016/j.ndteint.2021.102576. Zheng, Z., Yang, W., Yu, P., Cai, Y., Zhou, H., Boon, S.K. and Subbaiah, P., Simulating growth of ash deposit in boiler heat exchanger tube based on CFD dynamic mesh technique, Fuel, Vol.259 (2020), DOI: doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2019.116083. Zuo, P., Underwater quantitative thickness mapping through marine growth for corrosion measurement using shear wave EMAT with high lift-off performance, Ultrasonics, Vol.143 (2024), DOI: 10.1016/j.ultras.2024.107426. Kosaka, D., Kojima, F. and Umetani, K., Measurement of pipe wall thickness using electro magnetic acoustic transducer, Journal of the Japan Society of Maintenology (in Japanese), Vol.10, N0.4 (2012), pp.37-44. |
| References_xml | – reference: Isla, J. and Cegla, F., Optimization of the bias magnetic field of shear wave EMATs, IEEE Transactions on Ultrasonics, Ferroelectrics, and Frequency Control, Vol.63, No.8 (2016), pp.1148-1160, DOI: 10.1109/TUFFC.2016.2558467. – reference: Mitani, K., Nakayama, Y., Kanai, E., Mochizuki, M. and Toyoda M., Evaluation of wall thinning for steel plates by electromagnetic acoustic resonance spectrum, quarterly journal of the Japan Welding Society (in Japanese), Vol.25, No.4 (2007), pp.507-513, DOI: 10.2207/qjjws.25.507. – reference: Zheng, Z., Yang, W., Yu, P., Cai, Y., Zhou, H., Boon, S.K. and Subbaiah, P., Simulating growth of ash deposit in boiler heat exchanger tube based on CFD dynamic mesh technique, Fuel, Vol.259 (2020), DOI: doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2019.116083. – reference: Wu, Y. and Wu, Y., The effect of magnet-to-coil distance on the performance characteristics of EMATs, Sensors, Vol.20, No.18 (2020), DOI: 10.3390/s20185096. – reference: Urayama, R., Uchimoto, T., Takagi, T. and Kanemoto, S., Online monitoring of pipe wall thinning with electromagnetic acoustic resonance method, Journal of the Japan Society of Maintenology (in Japanese), Vol.11, No.4 (2013), pp.83-89. – reference: Huang, S., Zhao, W., Zhang, Y. and Wang, S., Study on the lift-off effect of EMAT, Sensors and Actuators A: Physical, Vol.153, No.2 (2009), pp.218-221, DOI: 10.1016/j.sna.2009.05.014. – reference: Nuclear and Industrial Safety Agency, The secondary system pipe rupture accident at the mihama power station unit 3 of Kansai Electric Power Co., Inc., (Final Report), Japan Atomic Energy Commission (online) (in Japanese), pp.1-52, available from <https://www.aec.go.jp/jicst/NC/iinkai/teirei/siryo2005/siryo13/siryo11.pdf>, (accessed on 1 July, 2024). – reference: Zuo, P., Underwater quantitative thickness mapping through marine growth for corrosion measurement using shear wave EMAT with high lift-off performance, Ultrasonics, Vol.143 (2024), DOI: 10.1016/j.ultras.2024.107426. – reference: Miyazono, S., Ueda, S., Shibata, K., Isozaki, T., Onizawa, K., Chujo, N., Kurihara, R., Hashiguchi I. and Kato, K., Pipe rupture accident on surry nuclear power plant, Journal of the Atomic Energy Society of Japan (in Japanese), Vol.29, No.11 (1987), pp.952-969, DOI: 10.3327/jaesj.29.952. – reference: Tomeczek, J. and Wacławiak, K., Two-dimensional modelling of deposits formation on platen superheaters in pulverized coal boilers, Fuel, Vol.88, No.8 (2009), pp.1466-1471, DOI: doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2009.02.023. – reference: Liang, B., Li, Z., Zhai, G., Yang R., Zhang, X. and Dixon, S., Enhancing the lift-off performance of EMATs by applying an Fe3O4 coating to a test specimen, IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement, Vol.72 (2023), pp.1-4, DOI: 10.1109/TIM.2022.3223076. – reference: Hou, Z., Cai, D., Liu, D., Duan, Y., Meng, H., Liu, S. and Liu, X., Development of an electromagnetic bulk wave EMAT, Journal of Physics: Conference Series, Vol.2674, No.1 (2023), DOI:10.1088/1742-6596/2674/1/012012. – reference: Kosaka, D., Kojima, F. and Umetani, K., Measurement of pipe wall thickness using electro magnetic acoustic transducer, Journal of the Japan Society of Maintenology (in Japanese), Vol.10, N0.4 (2012), pp.37-44. – reference: Xiang, L., Dixon, S., Thring, C.B., Li, Z. and Edwards, R.S., Lift-off performance of electromagnetic acoustic transducers (EMATs) for surface acoustic wave generation, NDT and E International, Vol.126 (2021), DOI: 10.1016/j.ndteint.2021.102576. – reference: Haga, H., Matsuo, Y., Nakagawa, M., Tomitaka, T., Nishimura, Y., Tamura, K. and Hanaguchi, M., Development of ultrasonic continuous thickness measurement equipment for piping, Journal of the Japanese Society for Non-Destructive Inspection (in Japanese), Vol.59, No.4 (2010), pp.189-193, DOI: doi.org/10.11396/jjsndi.59.189. – reference: Liang, Y., Li, J., Long, X., Lu, X. and Zhang, D., A numerical simulation study of ash deposition in a circulating fluidized bed during Zhundong lignite combustion, Fuel, Vol.333, Part 2 (2023), DOI: doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2022.126501. |
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| SubjectTerms | Electromagnetic acoustic transducer Lift-off Nondestructive testing Shear wave Thickness measurement |
| Title | 高リフトオフ対応のせん断波用電磁超音波センサの開発 |
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