日本語話者の第二言語としての英語における主語と目的語の非対称性
日本語は空主語ならびに空目的語を許すが, 英語はどちらも許さない.この違いから, 日本人英語学習者にとっては, 目的語を義務的に使用することを習得することと主語を義務的に使用することが, 同程度に困難であることが予測される.この予測に反して, 本研究のデータによると, 目的語を義務的に使用することは主語を義務的に使用することよりも, 日本人英語学習者にとってはるかに難しい.Yhan (1997) は中国人英語学習者について本研究と同様のデータを用い, この非対称性は入力において引き金となるデータが入手可能かどうかに原因があると論じている.すなわちYUanの説明では, 主語の義務的使用の習得につ...
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| Published in | Second Language Vol. 2; pp. 53 - 73 |
|---|---|
| Main Authors | , |
| Format | Journal Article |
| Language | English |
| Published |
日本第二言語習得学会
01.05.2003
|
| Online Access | Get full text |
| ISSN | 1347-278X 2187-0047 |
| DOI | 10.11431/secondlanguage2002.2.0_53 |
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| Abstract | 日本語は空主語ならびに空目的語を許すが, 英語はどちらも許さない.この違いから, 日本人英語学習者にとっては, 目的語を義務的に使用することを習得することと主語を義務的に使用することが, 同程度に困難であることが予測される.この予測に反して, 本研究のデータによると, 目的語を義務的に使用することは主語を義務的に使用することよりも, 日本人英語学習者にとってはるかに難しい.Yhan (1997) は中国人英語学習者について本研究と同様のデータを用い, この非対称性は入力において引き金となるデータが入手可能かどうかに原因があると論じている.すなわちYUanの説明では, 主語の義務的使用の習得については主語と動詞の一致を示す形態的証拠によって明示的な引き金が与えられ, それによって習得が起こるが, 目的語の義務的使用についてはそのような形態的証拠が存在せず, そのため習得が起こらない.YUanは, 表層的な形態素使用は, その規定にある文法能力を必ずしも反映しないとしているため, この議論を反証することは極めて難しい.しかし同時に, この議論は実験的データによって支持されるものではない.例えばDavies (1996) は, 主語と動詞の一致と主語の義務的な使用に相関関係が見られないことを明らかにしている.本研究ではYhanの立場を取らず, 主語と目的語に見られる非対称性は入力における一貫性の問題であるという説明を試みる.主語名詞句は英語の全ての文において一貫して音形を持つが, 目的語は必ずしも全ての文で音形を持つわけではない.この種の入力を受けて, 日本人英語学習者は, 英語では主語は義務的に使用する必要があるが目的語は母語と同様に省略しても良いと誤解してしまう可能性がある.また英語の動詞には自動詞および他動詞両方の用法があるものがあり, それらが目標言語の文法とは異なる中間文法を作り出す原因となっている可能性もある.さらに英語動詞の自他性についての形態的指標の欠如が, 日本人英語学習者による動詞の統語的特質の習得を困難にしているとも考えられる. |
|---|---|
| AbstractList | 日本語は空主語ならびに空目的語を許すが, 英語はどちらも許さない.この違いから, 日本人英語学習者にとっては, 目的語を義務的に使用することを習得することと主語を義務的に使用することが, 同程度に困難であることが予測される.この予測に反して, 本研究のデータによると, 目的語を義務的に使用することは主語を義務的に使用することよりも, 日本人英語学習者にとってはるかに難しい.Yhan (1997) は中国人英語学習者について本研究と同様のデータを用い, この非対称性は入力において引き金となるデータが入手可能かどうかに原因があると論じている.すなわちYUanの説明では, 主語の義務的使用の習得については主語と動詞の一致を示す形態的証拠によって明示的な引き金が与えられ, それによって習得が起こるが, 目的語の義務的使用についてはそのような形態的証拠が存在せず, そのため習得が起こらない.YUanは, 表層的な形態素使用は, その規定にある文法能力を必ずしも反映しないとしているため, この議論を反証することは極めて難しい.しかし同時に, この議論は実験的データによって支持されるものではない.例えばDavies (1996) は, 主語と動詞の一致と主語の義務的な使用に相関関係が見られないことを明らかにしている.本研究ではYhanの立場を取らず, 主語と目的語に見られる非対称性は入力における一貫性の問題であるという説明を試みる.主語名詞句は英語の全ての文において一貫して音形を持つが, 目的語は必ずしも全ての文で音形を持つわけではない.この種の入力を受けて, 日本人英語学習者は, 英語では主語は義務的に使用する必要があるが目的語は母語と同様に省略しても良いと誤解してしまう可能性がある.また英語の動詞には自動詞および他動詞両方の用法があるものがあり, それらが目標言語の文法とは異なる中間文法を作り出す原因となっている可能性もある.さらに英語動詞の自他性についての形態的指標の欠如が, 日本人英語学習者による動詞の統語的特質の習得を困難にしているとも考えられる. |
| Author | 若林, 茂則 根岸, 留美子 |
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| References | Speas, M. (1994). Null arguments in a theory of economy of projections. In Benedicto, E. & Runner, J., (Eds.), Functional projections. University of Massachusetts Occasional Papers, 17. Sorace, A. (1990). Indeterminacy in first and second languages : Theoretical and methodological issues. In De Jon, J. H. A. L. & Stevenson, D. (Eds.), Individualizing and the Assessment of Language Abilities, 127-153. Clevedon : Multilingual Matters. Chomsky, N. (1995). The Minimalist Program. Cambridge, Mass : MIT press. Lakshmanan, U. (1994). Universal Grammar in child second language acquisition : null subjects and morphological uniformity. Amsterdam; Philadelphia : John Benjamins. Nakayama, M. (1996). Acquisition of Japanese Empty Categories. Tokyo : Kuroshio Publishers. Register, Norma (1990). Influences of typological parameters on L2 learners' judgments of null pronouns in English. Language Learning, 40,369-385. Rohrbacher, B. (1994). Explaining the syntacitc consequences of 'rich' agreement morphology : On the licensing of V-to-AgrS raising and pro. West Coast Conference on Formal Linguistics. 13. 350-364. Zobl, H. (1994). Prior linguistic knowledge and the conservatism of the learning procedure : Grammaticality judgments of unilingual and multilingual learners. In Gass, S. & Selinker, L. (Eds.), Language Transfer in Language Learning, 176-196. Amsterdam : John Benjamins. Yoshimura, N. (1992). Scrambling and Anaphora in Japanese. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Southern California. Yuan, B. (1997). Asymmetry of null subjects and null objects in Chinese Speakers' L2 English. Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 19,467-497. Xu, L. J. (1986). Free empty category. Linguistic Inquiry, 17, 75-93. Negishi, R. (1997). Nihonjin Eigo Gakusyuusya no Tyuukan Gengo ni okeru Gimuteki Shugo oyobi Gimuteki Mokutekigo no Syuutoku ni tuite [About the Acquisition of Obligatory Subjects and Obligatory Objects in the Interlanguage of Japanese Learners of English]. BA Thesis. Gunma Prefectural Women's University. Otani, K. & Whitman, J. (1991). V-raising and VP-ellipsis. Linguistic Inquiry, 22,345-358. Huang, C.-T. J. (1989). Pro-drop in Chinese : A generalized control theory. In Jaeggll, O. & Satir, K. (Eds.), The Null Subject Parameter Dordrecht : Kluwer. Huang, C.-T. J. (1991). Remarks on the status of the null object. In Freidin, R. (Ed.), Principles and Parameters in Comparative Grammar, 56-76. Cambridge, Mass. : MIT Press. Zobl, H. (1990). Evidence for parameter-sensitive acquisition : A contribution to the domain-specific versus central process debate. Second Language Research, 6, 39-59. Martin, R. & Urigaereka, J. (2000) Introduction : Some possible foundations of the Minimalist Program. In Martin, R., Michaels, D. & Urigaereka, J. (Eds.), Step by Step : Essays on Minimalist Syntax in Honor of Howard Lasnik, 1-29. Cambridge, Mass : MIT Press Radford, A. (1990). Syntactic Theory and the Acquisition of English Syntax. Oxford; Blackwell. Schwartz, B. & Sprouse, R. (1994). Word order and nominative case in nonnative language acquisition : A longitudinal study of (L1 Turkish) German interlanguage. In Hoesktra, T. & Schwartz, B. D. (Eds.), Language Acquisition Studies in Generative Grammar, 317-368. Amsterdam : John Benjamins. Huang, C.-T. J. (1988). Comments on Hasegawa's paper. In Wako, T. & Nakayama, M. (Eds.), Proceedings of Japanese Syntax Workshop Issues on Empty Categories, 77-93. Connecticut College, New London. Sano, T. & Hyams, N. (1994). Agreement, finiteness and the development of null arguments. Proceedings of NELS, 24,543-558. Yamada-Yamamoto, A. (1995). The Acquisition of English Syntax by a Japanese-Speaking Child : From Left-Branching to Right-Branching. Tokyo : Liber Press. Hoji, H. (1998). Null object and sloppy identity in Japanese. Linguistic Inquiry, 29,127-152. Cole, P. (1987). Null objects in universal grammar. Linguistics Inquiry, 21,491-503. Muraki, S. (1991). Nihongo Dousi no Syosou [Various Aspects of Japanerse Verbs]. Tokyo : Hitsuji-shobo. Huang, C.-T. J. (1984). On the distribution and reference of empty pronouns. Linguistic Inquiry, 15,531-574. Hirakawa, M. (1993). Null subjects versus null objects in an early grammar of Japanese. McGill Working Papers in Linguistics, 9, 30-45. Wakabayashi, S. (1997b). Null subject parameter in the Minimalist Program. Working Papers in English and Applied Linguistics, 4,147-173. Research Centre for English and Applied Linguistics, University of Cambridge. Wakabayashi, S. (1997a). The Acquisition of Functional Categories by Learners of English. Unpublished doctoral Dissertation, University of Cambridge. Davies, W. D. (1996). Morphological uniformity and the null subject parameter in adult SLA. Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 18,475-493. Hoji, H. (1985). Logical Form Constraints and Configurational Structures in Japanese. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Washington. Rizzi, L. (1986). Null objects in Italian and the thoery of pro. Linguistic Inquiry, 17,501-557. Hyams, N. & Wexler, K. (1993). On the grammatical basis of null subjects in child language. Linguistic Inquiry, 24,421-459. Li, C. & Thompson, S. (1976). Subject and topic : A new typology. In Li, C. (Ed.), Subject and Topic, 457-489. New York : Academic Press. Shi, D. (1989). Topic chain as a syntactic category in Chinese. Journal of Chinese Linguistics, 17,223-259. Saito, M. (1985). Some Asymmetries in Japanese and Japanese and their Theoretical Implications Unpublished doctoral dissertation, MIT. Wexler, K. & Manzini, M. R. (1987). Parameters and learnability in binding theory. In Roeper, T. & Williams, E. (Eds.), Parameter Setting. Dordrecht : Reidel. Wakabayashi, S. (2002). The acquisition of non-null subjects in English : A Minimalist account. Second Language Research, 18, 28-71. Shi, D. (1992). The Nature of Topic Comment Constructions and Topic Chains. Unpublished doctoral dissertation. University of Southern California, Los Angeles. Rohrbacher, B. (1992). English AUX^NEG, Mainland Scandinavian NEG^AUX and the theory of V to I raising. Proceedings of the 22nd Western Conference on Linguistics (WECOL 92). Rizzi, L. (1994). Early null subjects and root null subjects. In Hoesktra, T. & Schwartz, B. D. (Eds.), Language Acquisition Studies in Generative Grammar, 151-176. Amsterdam : John Benjamins. Rizzi, L. (1982). Issues in Italian syntax. Dordrecht : Foris. Hasegawa, N. (1984/85). On the so called “zero pronouns” in Japanese. The Linguisitic Review, 4,289-341. |
| References_xml | – reference: Wakabayashi, S. (2002). The acquisition of non-null subjects in English : A Minimalist account. Second Language Research, 18, 28-71. – reference: Radford, A. (1990). Syntactic Theory and the Acquisition of English Syntax. Oxford; Blackwell. – reference: Rizzi, L. (1982). Issues in Italian syntax. Dordrecht : Foris. – reference: Rohrbacher, B. (1994). Explaining the syntacitc consequences of 'rich' agreement morphology : On the licensing of V-to-AgrS raising and pro. West Coast Conference on Formal Linguistics. 13. 350-364. – reference: Yamada-Yamamoto, A. (1995). The Acquisition of English Syntax by a Japanese-Speaking Child : From Left-Branching to Right-Branching. Tokyo : Liber Press. – reference: Rohrbacher, B. (1992). English AUX^NEG, Mainland Scandinavian NEG^AUX and the theory of V to I raising. Proceedings of the 22nd Western Conference on Linguistics (WECOL 92). – reference: Saito, M. (1985). Some Asymmetries in Japanese and Japanese and their Theoretical Implications Unpublished doctoral dissertation, MIT. – reference: Huang, C.-T. J. (1989). Pro-drop in Chinese : A generalized control theory. In Jaeggll, O. & Satir, K. (Eds.), The Null Subject Parameter Dordrecht : Kluwer. – reference: Hyams, N. & Wexler, K. (1993). On the grammatical basis of null subjects in child language. Linguistic Inquiry, 24,421-459. – reference: Speas, M. (1994). Null arguments in a theory of economy of projections. In Benedicto, E. & Runner, J., (Eds.), Functional projections. University of Massachusetts Occasional Papers, 17. – reference: Rizzi, L. (1986). Null objects in Italian and the thoery of pro. Linguistic Inquiry, 17,501-557. – reference: Zobl, H. (1994). Prior linguistic knowledge and the conservatism of the learning procedure : Grammaticality judgments of unilingual and multilingual learners. In Gass, S. & Selinker, L. (Eds.), Language Transfer in Language Learning, 176-196. Amsterdam : John Benjamins. – reference: Huang, C.-T. J. (1991). Remarks on the status of the null object. In Freidin, R. (Ed.), Principles and Parameters in Comparative Grammar, 56-76. Cambridge, Mass. : MIT Press. – reference: Wakabayashi, S. (1997b). Null subject parameter in the Minimalist Program. Working Papers in English and Applied Linguistics, 4,147-173. Research Centre for English and Applied Linguistics, University of Cambridge. – reference: Sorace, A. (1990). Indeterminacy in first and second languages : Theoretical and methodological issues. In De Jon, J. H. A. L. & Stevenson, D. (Eds.), Individualizing and the Assessment of Language Abilities, 127-153. Clevedon : Multilingual Matters. – reference: Nakayama, M. (1996). Acquisition of Japanese Empty Categories. Tokyo : Kuroshio Publishers. – reference: Negishi, R. (1997). Nihonjin Eigo Gakusyuusya no Tyuukan Gengo ni okeru Gimuteki Shugo oyobi Gimuteki Mokutekigo no Syuutoku ni tuite [About the Acquisition of Obligatory Subjects and Obligatory Objects in the Interlanguage of Japanese Learners of English]. BA Thesis. Gunma Prefectural Women's University. – reference: Huang, C.-T. J. (1984). On the distribution and reference of empty pronouns. Linguistic Inquiry, 15,531-574. – reference: Schwartz, B. & Sprouse, R. (1994). Word order and nominative case in nonnative language acquisition : A longitudinal study of (L1 Turkish) German interlanguage. In Hoesktra, T. & Schwartz, B. D. (Eds.), Language Acquisition Studies in Generative Grammar, 317-368. Amsterdam : John Benjamins. – reference: Rizzi, L. (1994). Early null subjects and root null subjects. In Hoesktra, T. & Schwartz, B. D. (Eds.), Language Acquisition Studies in Generative Grammar, 151-176. Amsterdam : John Benjamins. – reference: Yuan, B. (1997). Asymmetry of null subjects and null objects in Chinese Speakers' L2 English. Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 19,467-497. – reference: Cole, P. (1987). Null objects in universal grammar. Linguistics Inquiry, 21,491-503. – reference: Huang, C.-T. J. (1988). Comments on Hasegawa's paper. In Wako, T. & Nakayama, M. (Eds.), Proceedings of Japanese Syntax Workshop Issues on Empty Categories, 77-93. Connecticut College, New London. – reference: Davies, W. D. (1996). Morphological uniformity and the null subject parameter in adult SLA. Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 18,475-493. – reference: Hoji, H. (1998). Null object and sloppy identity in Japanese. Linguistic Inquiry, 29,127-152. – reference: Li, C. & Thompson, S. (1976). Subject and topic : A new typology. In Li, C. (Ed.), Subject and Topic, 457-489. New York : Academic Press. – reference: Muraki, S. (1991). Nihongo Dousi no Syosou [Various Aspects of Japanerse Verbs]. Tokyo : Hitsuji-shobo. – reference: Otani, K. & Whitman, J. (1991). V-raising and VP-ellipsis. Linguistic Inquiry, 22,345-358. – reference: Shi, D. (1989). Topic chain as a syntactic category in Chinese. Journal of Chinese Linguistics, 17,223-259. – reference: Hasegawa, N. (1984/85). On the so called “zero pronouns” in Japanese. The Linguisitic Review, 4,289-341. – reference: Hirakawa, M. (1993). Null subjects versus null objects in an early grammar of Japanese. McGill Working Papers in Linguistics, 9, 30-45. – reference: Wakabayashi, S. (1997a). The Acquisition of Functional Categories by Learners of English. Unpublished doctoral Dissertation, University of Cambridge. – reference: Hoji, H. (1985). Logical Form Constraints and Configurational Structures in Japanese. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Washington. – reference: Martin, R. & Urigaereka, J. (2000) Introduction : Some possible foundations of the Minimalist Program. In Martin, R., Michaels, D. & Urigaereka, J. (Eds.), Step by Step : Essays on Minimalist Syntax in Honor of Howard Lasnik, 1-29. Cambridge, Mass : MIT Press – reference: Wexler, K. & Manzini, M. R. (1987). Parameters and learnability in binding theory. In Roeper, T. & Williams, E. (Eds.), Parameter Setting. Dordrecht : Reidel. – reference: Shi, D. (1992). The Nature of Topic Comment Constructions and Topic Chains. Unpublished doctoral dissertation. University of Southern California, Los Angeles. – reference: Lakshmanan, U. (1994). Universal Grammar in child second language acquisition : null subjects and morphological uniformity. Amsterdam; Philadelphia : John Benjamins. – reference: Sano, T. & Hyams, N. (1994). Agreement, finiteness and the development of null arguments. Proceedings of NELS, 24,543-558. – reference: Xu, L. J. (1986). Free empty category. Linguistic Inquiry, 17, 75-93. – reference: Register, Norma (1990). Influences of typological parameters on L2 learners' judgments of null pronouns in English. Language Learning, 40,369-385. – reference: Chomsky, N. (1995). The Minimalist Program. Cambridge, Mass : MIT press. – reference: Zobl, H. (1990). Evidence for parameter-sensitive acquisition : A contribution to the domain-specific versus central process debate. Second Language Research, 6, 39-59. – reference: Yoshimura, N. (1992). Scrambling and Anaphora in Japanese. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Southern California. |
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| Title | 日本語話者の第二言語としての英語における主語と目的語の非対称性 |
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