成層圏準2年周期振動の熱帯・亜熱帯域上部対流圏・下部成層圏への直接的な影響に関する観測的歴史
成層圏準2年周期振動（QBO）が熱帯・亜熱帯の上部対流圏・下部成層圏（UTLS）に与える影響に関する観測的研究の歴史をレビューする。観測解析能力の段階に応じて、その展開を順次説明する。QBOの西風（W）と東風（E）の位相は下部成層圏の帯状風によって定義される。1960～1978年の間には、ラジオゾンデ観測データでUTLSのQBO変調が示され、QBO W位相時に熱帯では暖かい偏差、南緯30度と北緯30度付近では冷たい偏差であることが明らかにされた。このことは、熱帯と亜熱帯の間のコヒーレントで逆位相的な応答を予言していたQBOに伴う平均子午面循環（MMC）の理論と一致していた。1978～1994...
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| Published in | 気象集誌. 第2輯 Vol. 99; no. 2; pp. 239 - 267 |
|---|---|
| Main Author | |
| Format | Journal Article |
| Language | English Japanese |
| Published |
公益社団法人 日本気象学会
2021
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| Subjects | |
| Online Access | Get full text |
| ISSN | 0026-1165 2186-9057 |
| DOI | 10.2151/jmsj.2021-012 |
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| Abstract | 成層圏準2年周期振動（QBO）が熱帯・亜熱帯の上部対流圏・下部成層圏（UTLS）に与える影響に関する観測的研究の歴史をレビューする。観測解析能力の段階に応じて、その展開を順次説明する。QBOの西風（W）と東風（E）の位相は下部成層圏の帯状風によって定義される。1960～1978年の間には、ラジオゾンデ観測データでUTLSのQBO変調が示され、QBO W位相時に熱帯では暖かい偏差、南緯30度と北緯30度付近では冷たい偏差であることが明らかにされた。このことは、熱帯と亜熱帯の間のコヒーレントで逆位相的な応答を予言していたQBOに伴う平均子午面循環（MMC）の理論と一致していた。1978～1994 年の間には、人工衛星によるエアロゾルと気温の観測により、QBO MMCの存在が確認された。1994年～2001年の間には、全球データセットにより、対流圏界面温度の帯状平均QBO変動の解析が可能となった。そして、2001年には、1958～2000年の42年間の全球NCEP再解析により、圏界面温度、気圧、帯状風のQBO W-E位相差の季節的・地理的な違いが明らかにされた。今では、38年間のMERRA-2データと40年間のERA-Interimデータによる最新の更新により、季節的・地理的変動をより完全に把握することができる。 熱帯のQBO変動幅は、圏界面の気温は約0.5～2K、高度は約100～300m、気圧は約1～3hPaであり、QBO E位相時に、特に北半球の冬から春にかけて、寒く、高くなる。QBO温度シグナルは、深い対流が多い地域で大きくなる傾向がある。南半球亜熱帯のQBOシグナルは南半球の冬に強まる。QBO W位相時には、亜熱帯の偏西風ジェットが発達する一方でWalker循環は弱くなり、特に北半球の春には弱くなる。ERA-Interimのデータを用いて、気温、帯状風、MMCの帯状平均QBO偏差の新しい気候学を提示する。QBO E位相はUTLSでの静的安定度と帯状風シアーの両方を低下させることで対流を促進させる可能性がある。 |
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| AbstractList | 成層圏準2年周期振動（QBO）が熱帯・亜熱帯の上部対流圏・下部成層圏（UTLS）に与える影響に関する観測的研究の歴史をレビューする。観測解析能力の段階に応じて、その展開を順次説明する。QBOの西風（W）と東風（E）の位相は下部成層圏の帯状風によって定義される。1960～1978年の間には、ラジオゾンデ観測データでUTLSのQBO変調が示され、QBO W位相時に熱帯では暖かい偏差、南緯30度と北緯30度付近では冷たい偏差であることが明らかにされた。このことは、熱帯と亜熱帯の間のコヒーレントで逆位相的な応答を予言していたQBOに伴う平均子午面循環（MMC）の理論と一致していた。1978～1994 年の間には、人工衛星によるエアロゾルと気温の観測により、QBO MMCの存在が確認された。1994年～2001年の間には、全球データセットにより、対流圏界面温度の帯状平均QBO変動の解析が可能となった。そして、2001年には、1958～2000年の42年間の全球NCEP再解析により、圏界面温度、気圧、帯状風のQBO W-E位相差の季節的・地理的な違いが明らかにされた。今では、38年間のMERRA-2データと40年間のERA-Interimデータによる最新の更新により、季節的・地理的変動をより完全に把握することができる。 熱帯のQBO変動幅は、圏界面の気温は約0.5～2K、高度は約100～300m、気圧は約1～3hPaであり、QBO E位相時に、特に北半球の冬から春にかけて、寒く、高くなる。QBO温度シグナルは、深い対流が多い地域で大きくなる傾向がある。南半球亜熱帯のQBOシグナルは南半球の冬に強まる。QBO W位相時には、亜熱帯の偏西風ジェットが発達する一方でWalker循環は弱くなり、特に北半球の春には弱くなる。ERA-Interimのデータを用いて、気温、帯状風、MMCの帯状平均QBO偏差の新しい気候学を提示する。QBO E位相はUTLSでの静的安定度と帯状風シアーの両方を低下させることで対流を促進させる可能性がある。 |
| Author | 余田, 成男 |
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| Title | 成層圏準2年周期振動の熱帯・亜熱帯域上部対流圏・下部成層圏への直接的な影響に関する観測的歴史 |
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