Dramatic losses of specialist arable plants in Central Germany since the 1950s/60s - a cross-regional analysis
Aim To assess the consequences of agricultural intensification since the 1950s for Central Europe's plant communities of arable plants. Location Central Germany. Methods We employed a semipermanent plot design to analyse changes in 392 field interiors for 10 study regions, including sandy, lime...
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| Published in | Diversity & distributions Vol. 19; no. 9; pp. 1175 - 1187 |
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| Main Authors | , , , |
| Format | Journal Article |
| Language | English |
| Published |
Oxford
Blackwell Publishing Ltd
01.09.2013
John Wiley & Sons Ltd Blackwell John Wiley & Sons, Inc |
| Subjects | |
| Online Access | Get full text |
| ISSN | 1366-9516 1472-4642 |
| DOI | 10.1111/ddi.12102 |
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| Abstract | Aim To assess the consequences of agricultural intensification since the 1950s for Central Europe's plant communities of arable plants. Location Central Germany. Methods We employed a semipermanent plot design to analyse changes in 392 field interiors for 10 study regions, including sandy, limestone and loamy sites between the 1950s/60s and 2009. Results The analysis revealed a reduction in the regional species pool during the 50-year period of 23% (from 301 to 233 vascular species) and dramatic losses in plot-level diversity (from medians of 24 to 7). Median cover of spontaneously growing arable plants decreased from 30% to 3%. Losses were disproportionally larger on limestone sites while sandy sites maintained a larger fraction of the original diversity. Archaeophytes, neophytes and most Poaceae (including some aggressive weeds) showed similarly strong losses as indigenous plants. This contradicts the assumption that grasses and neophytes are generally profiting from agricultural intensification. Crop diversity decreased from 25 crop plants present in the 1950s/60s to only 16 in 2009, while crop cover generally increased. Winter cereals, oilseed rape and maize are dominant today, while all other crop types showed strong declines. Main conclusions Vegetation change over time depended on soil substrate with once markedly different arable communities now showing more homogenized community structure. Increasing Ellenberg indicator values for nitrogen and pH point to N fertilization as a major driver of change. New conservation measures such as the establishment of field flora reserves and agri-environment schemes with less intensive land use are thus urgently needed especially on limestone substrates to bring an end to the decline of this functionally distinct and increasingly threatened component of the Central European flora. |
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| AbstractList | Aim To assess the consequences of agricultural intensification since the 1950s for Central Europe's plant communities of arable plants. Location Central Germany. Methods We employed a semipermanent plot design to analyse changes in 392 field interiors for 10 study regions, including sandy, limestone and loamy sites between the 1950s/60s and 2009. Results The analysis revealed a reduction in the regional species pool during the 50-year period of 23% (from 301 to 233 vascular species) and dramatic losses in plot-level diversity (from medians of 24 to 7). Median cover of spontaneously growing arable plants decreased from 30% to 3%. Losses were disproportionally larger on limestone sites while sandy sites maintained a larger fraction of the original diversity. Archaeophytes, neophytes and most Poaceae (including some aggressive weeds) showed similarly strong losses as indigenous plants. This contradicts the assumption that grasses and neophytes are generally profiting from agricultural intensification. Crop diversity decreased from 25 crop plants present in the 1950s/60s to only 16 in 2009, while crop cover generally increased. Winter cereals, oilseed rape and maize are dominant today, while all other crop types showed strong declines. Main conclusions Vegetation change over time depended on soil substrate with once markedly different arable communities now showing more homogenized community structure. Increasing Ellenberg indicator values for nitrogen and pH point to N fertilization as a major driver of change. New conservation measures such as the establishment of field flora reserves and agri-environment schemes with less intensive land use are thus urgently needed especially on limestone substrates to bring an end to the decline of this functionally distinct and increasingly threatened component of the Central European flora. [PUBLICATION ABSTRACT] Aim To assess the consequences of agricultural intensification since the 1950s for Central Europe's plant communities of arable plants. Location Central Germany. Methods We employed a semipermanent plot design to analyse changes in 392 field interiors for 10 study regions, including sandy, limestone and loamy sites between the 1950s/60s and 2009. Results The analysis revealed a reduction in the regional species pool during the 50-year period of 23% (from 301 to 233 vascular species) and dramatic losses in plot-level diversity (from medians of 24 to 7). Median cover of spontaneously growing arable plants decreased from 30% to 3%. Losses were disproportionally larger on limestone sites while sandy sites maintained a larger fraction of the original diversity. Archaeophytes, neophytes and most Poaceae (including some aggressive weeds) showed similarly strong losses as indigenous plants. This contradicts the assumption that grasses and neophytes are generally profiting from agricultural intensification. Crop diversity decreased from 25 crop plants present in the 1950s/60s to only 16 in 2009, while crop cover generally increased. Winter cereals, oilseed rape and maize are dominant today, while all other crop types showed strong declines. Main conclusions Vegetation change over time depended on soil substrate with once markedly different arable communities now showing more homogenized community structure. Increasing Ellenberg indicator values for nitrogen and pH point to N fertilization as a major driver of change. New conservation measures such as the establishment of field flora reserves and agri-environment schemes with less intensive land use are thus urgently needed especially on limestone substrates to bring an end to the decline of this functionally distinct and increasingly threatened component of the Central European flora. Aim To assess the consequences of agricultural intensification since the 1950s for Central Europe's plant communities of arable plants. Location Central Germany. Methods We employed a semipermanent plot design to analyse changes in 392 field interiors for 10 study regions, including sandy, limestone and loamy sites between the 1950s/60s and 2009. Results The analysis revealed a reduction in the regional species pool during the 50‐year period of 23% (from 301 to 233 vascular species) and dramatic losses in plot‐level diversity (from medians of 24 to 7). Median cover of spontaneously growing arable plants decreased from 30% to 3%. Losses were disproportionally larger on limestone sites while sandy sites maintained a larger fraction of the original diversity. Archaeophytes, neophytes and most Poaceae (including some aggressive weeds) showed similarly strong losses as indigenous plants. This contradicts the assumption that grasses and neophytes are generally profiting from agricultural intensification. Crop diversity decreased from 25 crop plants present in the 1950s/60s to only 16 in 2009, while crop cover generally increased. Winter cereals, oilseed rape and maize are dominant today, while all other crop types showed strong declines. Main conclusions Vegetation change over time depended on soil substrate with once markedly different arable communities now showing more homogenized community structure. Increasing Ellenberg indicator values for nitrogen and pH point to N fertilization as a major driver of change. New conservation measures such as the establishment of field flora reserves and agri‐environment schemes with less intensive land use are thus urgently needed especially on limestone substrates to bring an end to the decline of this functionally distinct and increasingly threatened component of the Central European flora. To assess the consequences of agricultural intensification since the 1950s for Central Europe's plant communities of arable plants. We employed a semipermanent plot design to analyse changes in 392 field interiors for 10 study regions, including sandy, limestone and loamy sites between the 1950s/60s and 2009. The analysis revealed a reduction in the regional species pool during the 50-year period of 23% (from 301 to 233 vascular species) and dramatic losses in plot-level diversity (from medians of 24 to 7). Median cover of spontaneously growing arable plants decreased from 30% to 3%. Losses were disproportionally larger on limestone sites while sandy sites maintained a larger fraction of the original diversity. Archaeophytes, neophytes and most Poaceae (including some aggressive weeds) showed similarly strong losses as indigenous plants. This contradicts the assumption that grasses and neophytes are generally profiting from agricultural intensification. Crop diversity decreased from 25 crop plants present in the 1950s/60s to only 16 in 2009, while crop cover generally increased. Winter cereals, oilseed rape and maize are dominant today, while all other crop types showed strong declines. Vegetation change over time depended on soil substrate with once markedly different arable communities now showing more homogenized community structure. Increasing Ellenberg indicator values for nitrogen and pH point to N fertilization as a major driver of change. New conservation measures such as the establishment of field flora reserves and agri-environment schemes with less intensive land use are thus urgently needed especially on limestone substrates to bring an end to the decline of this functionally distinct and increasingly threatened component of the Central European flora.Original Abstract: Central Germany. |
| Author | Meyer, Stefan Leuschner, Christoph Krause, Benjamin Wesche, Karsten |
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| Issue | 9 |
| Keywords | substrate types Agricultural intensification Weed crop diversity Loss diversity loss arable weeds Intensification Regional Biodiversity Indicator Substrate Analysis Arable land Ellenberg indicator values Agriculture |
| Language | English |
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| Notes | Helene und Rudolf Glaser-Stiftung Table S1. Percentage share of different crop types and crop classes in the 1950s/60s and 2009.Table S2. Changes in frequency over time, given for the pooled data, and separately for the three substrate types. ArticleID:DDI12102 State of Lower Saxony istex:283BD5C44EABCD90F790B8CFB77B15AF3CAC1AF0 Stifterverband für die Deutsche Wissenschaft ark:/67375/WNG-3J9153TJ-2 SourceType-Scholarly Journals-1 ObjectType-Feature-1 content type line 14 ObjectType-Article-2 content type line 23 |
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| Snippet | Aim To assess the consequences of agricultural intensification since the 1950s for Central Europe's plant communities of arable plants. Location Central... Aim To assess the consequences of agricultural intensification since the 1950s for Central Europe's plant communities of arable plants. Location Central... To assess the consequences of agricultural intensification since the 1950s for Central Europe's plant communities of arable plants. We employed a semipermanent... |
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| SubjectTerms | Agricultural intensification Agroecosystems Agronomy. Soil science and plant productions Animal and plant ecology Animal, plant and microbial ecology Applied ecology arable weeds BIODIVERSITY RESEARCH Biological and medical sciences Cereal grains Community structure Cover crops Crop diversification crop diversity Crops diversity loss Ellenberg indicator values Energy crops Flora Flowers & plants Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology General agroecology General agroecology. Agricultural and farming systems. Agricultural development. Rural area planning. Landscaping General agronomy. Plant production General aspects Generalities. Agricultural and farming systems. Agricultural development Indigenous plants Intensive farming Land use Limestone Limestones Plant communities Plant populations Plants Poaceae Regional analysis Regional planning Sandy soils Species substrate types Synecology Vegetation Weeds Zea mays |
| Title | Dramatic losses of specialist arable plants in Central Germany since the 1950s/60s - a cross-regional analysis |
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