Design and baseline findings of a large-scale rapid response to an HIV outbreak in people who inject drugs in Athens, Greece: the ARISTOTLE programme

Aims To (i) describe an intervention implemented in response to the HIV‐1 outbreak among people who inject drugs (PWIDs) in Greece (ARISTOTLE programme), (ii) assess its success in identifying and testing this population and (iii) describe socio‐demographic characteristics, risk behaviours and acces...

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Published inAddiction (Abingdon, England) Vol. 110; no. 9; pp. 1453 - 1467
Main Authors Hatzakis, Angelos, Sypsa, Vana, Paraskevis, Dimitrios, Nikolopoulos, Georgios, Tsiara, Chrissa, Micha, Katerina, Panopoulos, Anastasios, Malliori, Meni, Psichogiou, Mina, Pharris, Anastasia, Wiessing, Lucas, van de Laar, Marita, Donoghoe, Martin, Heckathorn, Douglas D., Friedman, Samuel R., Des Jarlais, Don C.
Format Journal Article
LanguageEnglish
Published England Blackwell Publishing Ltd 01.09.2015
Subjects
Online AccessGet full text
ISSN0965-2140
1360-0443
1360-0443
DOI10.1111/add.12999

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Abstract Aims To (i) describe an intervention implemented in response to the HIV‐1 outbreak among people who inject drugs (PWIDs) in Greece (ARISTOTLE programme), (ii) assess its success in identifying and testing this population and (iii) describe socio‐demographic characteristics, risk behaviours and access to treatment/prevention, estimate HIV prevalence and identify risk factors, as assessed at the first participation of PWIDs. Design A ‘seek, test, treat, retain’ intervention employing five rounds of respondent‐driven sampling. Setting Athens, Greece (2012–13). Participants A total of 3320 individuals who had injected drugs in the past 12 months. Intervention ARISTOTLE is an intervention that involves reaching out to high‐risk, hard‐to‐reach PWIDs (‘seek’), engaging them in HIV testing and providing information and materials to prevent HIV (‘test’) and initiating and maintaining anti‐retroviral and opioid substitution treatment for those testing positive (‘treat’ and ‘retain’). Measurements Blood samples were collected for HIV testing and personal interviews were conducted. Findings ARISTOTLE recruited 3320 PWIDs during the course of 13.5 months. More than half (54%) participated in multiple rounds, resulting in 7113 visits. HIV prevalence was 15.1%. At their first contact with the programme, 12.5% were on opioid substitution treatment programmes and the median number of free syringes they had received in the preceding month was 0. In the multivariable analysis, apart from injection‐related variables, homelessness was a risk factor for HIV infection in male PWIDs [odds ratio (OR) yes versus no = 1.89, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.41, 2.52] while, in female PWIDS, the number of sexual partners (OR for > 5 versus one partner in the past year = 4.12, 95% CI = 1.93, 8.77) and history of imprisonment (OR yes versus no = 2.76, 95% CI = 1.43, 5.31) were associated with HIV. Conclusions In Athens, Greece, the ARISTOTLE intervention for identifying HIV‐positive people among people who inject drugs (PWID) facilitated rapid identification of a hidden population experiencing an outbreak and provided HIV testing, counselling and linkage to care. According to ARISTOTLE data, the 2011 HIV outbreak in Athens resulted in 15% HIV infection among PWID. Risk factors for HIV among PWID included homelessness in men and history of imprisonment and number of sexual partners in women.
AbstractList To (i) describe an intervention implemented in response to the HIV-1 outbreak among people who inject drugs (PWIDs) in Greece (ARISTOTLE programme), (ii) assess its success in identifying and testing this population and (iii) describe socio-demographic characteristics, risk behaviours and access to treatment/prevention, estimate HIV prevalence and identify risk factors, as assessed at the first participation of PWIDs.AIMSTo (i) describe an intervention implemented in response to the HIV-1 outbreak among people who inject drugs (PWIDs) in Greece (ARISTOTLE programme), (ii) assess its success in identifying and testing this population and (iii) describe socio-demographic characteristics, risk behaviours and access to treatment/prevention, estimate HIV prevalence and identify risk factors, as assessed at the first participation of PWIDs.A 'seek, test, treat, retain' intervention employing five rounds of respondent-driven sampling.DESIGNA 'seek, test, treat, retain' intervention employing five rounds of respondent-driven sampling.Athens, Greece (2012-13).SETTINGAthens, Greece (2012-13).A total of 3320 individuals who had injected drugs in the past 12 months.PARTICIPANTSA total of 3320 individuals who had injected drugs in the past 12 months.ARISTOTLE is an intervention that involves reaching out to high-risk, hard-to-reach PWIDs ('seek'), engaging them in HIV testing and providing information and materials to prevent HIV ('test') and initiating and maintaining anti-retroviral and opioid substitution treatment for those testing positive ('treat' and 'retain').INTERVENTIONARISTOTLE is an intervention that involves reaching out to high-risk, hard-to-reach PWIDs ('seek'), engaging them in HIV testing and providing information and materials to prevent HIV ('test') and initiating and maintaining anti-retroviral and opioid substitution treatment for those testing positive ('treat' and 'retain').Blood samples were collected for HIV testing and personal interviews were conducted.MEASUREMENTSBlood samples were collected for HIV testing and personal interviews were conducted.ARISTOTLE recruited 3320 PWIDs during the course of 13.5 months. More than half (54%) participated in multiple rounds, resulting in 7113 visits. HIV prevalence was 15.1%. At their first contact with the programme, 12.5% were on opioid substitution treatment programmes and the median number of free syringes they had received in the preceding month was 0. In the multivariable analysis, apart from injection-related variables, homelessness was a risk factor for HIV infection in male PWIDs [odds ratio (OR) yes versus no = 1.89, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.41, 2.52] while, in female PWIDS, the number of sexual partners (OR for > 5 versus one partner in the past year = 4.12, 95% CI = 1.93, 8.77) and history of imprisonment (OR yes versus no = 2.76, 95% CI = 1.43, 5.31) were associated with HIV.FINDINGSARISTOTLE recruited 3320 PWIDs during the course of 13.5 months. More than half (54%) participated in multiple rounds, resulting in 7113 visits. HIV prevalence was 15.1%. At their first contact with the programme, 12.5% were on opioid substitution treatment programmes and the median number of free syringes they had received in the preceding month was 0. In the multivariable analysis, apart from injection-related variables, homelessness was a risk factor for HIV infection in male PWIDs [odds ratio (OR) yes versus no = 1.89, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.41, 2.52] while, in female PWIDS, the number of sexual partners (OR for > 5 versus one partner in the past year = 4.12, 95% CI = 1.93, 8.77) and history of imprisonment (OR yes versus no = 2.76, 95% CI = 1.43, 5.31) were associated with HIV.In Athens, Greece, the ARISTOTLE intervention for identifying HIV-positive people among people who inject drugs (PWID) facilitated rapid identification of a hidden population experiencing an outbreak and provided HIV testing, counselling and linkage to care. According to ARISTOTLE data, the 2011 HIV outbreak in Athens resulted in 15% HIV infection among PWID. Risk factors for HIV among PWID included homelessness in men and history of imprisonment and number of sexual partners in women.CONCLUSIONSIn Athens, Greece, the ARISTOTLE intervention for identifying HIV-positive people among people who inject drugs (PWID) facilitated rapid identification of a hidden population experiencing an outbreak and provided HIV testing, counselling and linkage to care. According to ARISTOTLE data, the 2011 HIV outbreak in Athens resulted in 15% HIV infection among PWID. Risk factors for HIV among PWID included homelessness in men and history of imprisonment and number of sexual partners in women.
To (i) describe an intervention implemented in response to the HIV-1 outbreak among people who inject drugs (PWIDs) in Greece (ARISTOTLE programme), (ii) assess its success in identifying and testing this population and (iii) describe socio-demographic characteristics, risk behaviours and access to treatment/prevention, estimate HIV prevalence and identify risk factors, as assessed at the first participation of PWIDs. A 'seek, test, treat, retain' intervention employing five rounds of respondent-driven sampling. Athens, Greece (2012-13). A total of 3320 individuals who had injected drugs in the past 12 months. ARISTOTLE is an intervention that involves reaching out to high-risk, hard-to-reach PWIDs ('seek'), engaging them in HIV testing and providing information and materials to prevent HIV ('test') and initiating and maintaining anti-retroviral and opioid substitution treatment for those testing positive ('treat' and 'retain'). Blood samples were collected for HIV testing and personal interviews were conducted. ARISTOTLE recruited 3320 PWIDs during the course of 13.5 months. More than half (54%) participated in multiple rounds, resulting in 7113 visits. HIV prevalence was 15.1%. At their first contact with the programme, 12.5% were on opioid substitution treatment programmes and the median number of free syringes they had received in the preceding month was 0. In the multivariable analysis, apart from injection-related variables, homelessness was a risk factor for HIV infection in male PWIDs [odds ratio (OR) yes versus no = 1.89, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.41, 2.52] while, in female PWIDS, the number of sexual partners (OR for > 5 versus one partner in the past year = 4.12, 95% CI = 1.93, 8.77) and history of imprisonment (OR yes versus no = 2.76, 95% CI = 1.43, 5.31) were associated with HIV. In Athens, Greece, the ARISTOTLE intervention for identifying HIV-positive people among people who inject drugs (PWID) facilitated rapid identification of a hidden population experiencing an outbreak and provided HIV testing, counselling and linkage to care. According to ARISTOTLE data, the 2011 HIV outbreak in Athens resulted in 15% HIV infection among PWID. Risk factors for HIV among PWID included homelessness in men and history of imprisonment and number of sexual partners in women.
To (i) describe an intervention implemented in response to the HIV-1 outbreak among people who inject drugs (PWIDs) in Greece (ARISTOTLE programme), (ii) assess its success in identifying and testing this population and (iii) describe socio-demographic characteristics, risk behaviours and access to treatment/prevention, estimate HIV prevalence and identify risk factors, as assessed at the first participation of PWIDs. A 'seek, test, treat, retain' intervention employing five rounds of respondent-driven sampling. A total of 3320 individuals who had injected drugs in the past 12 months. ARISTOTLE is an intervention that involves reaching out to high-risk, hard-to-reach PWIDs ('seek'), engaging them in HIV testing and providing information and materials to prevent HIV ('test') and initiating and maintaining anti-retroviral and opioid substitution treatment for those testing positive ('treat' and 'retain'). Blood samples were collected for HIV testing and personal interviews were conducted. ARISTOTLE recruited 3320 PWIDs during the course of 13.5 months. More than half (54%) participated in multiple rounds, resulting in 7113 visits. HIV prevalence was 15.1%. At their first contact with the programme, 12.5% were on opioid substitution treatment programmes and the median number of free syringes they had received in the preceding month was 0. In the multivariable analysis, apart from injection-related variables, homelessness was a risk factor for HIV infection in male PWIDs [odds ratio (OR)yes versus no=1.89, 95% confidence interval (CI)=1.41, 2.52] while, in female PWIDS, the number of sexual partners (OR for >5 versus one partner in the past year=4.12, 95% CI  ;=1.93, 8.77) and history of imprisonment (OR yes versus no=2.76, 95% CI=1.43, 5.31) were associated with HIV. In Athens, Greece, the ARISTOTLE intervention for identifying HIV-positive people among people who inject drugs (PWID) facilitated rapid identification of a hidden population experiencing an outbreak and provided HIV testing, counselling and linkage to care. According to ARISTOTLE data, the 2011 HIV outbreak in Athens resulted in 15% HIV infection among PWID. Risk factors for HIV among PWID included homelessness in men and history of imprisonment and number of sexual partners in women. // ABSTRACT IN : Athens, Greece (2012-13). Reprinted by permission of Blackwell Publishing
Aims To (i) describe an intervention implemented in response to the HIV‐1 outbreak among people who inject drugs (PWIDs) in Greece (ARISTOTLE programme), (ii) assess its success in identifying and testing this population and (iii) describe socio‐demographic characteristics, risk behaviours and access to treatment/prevention, estimate HIV prevalence and identify risk factors, as assessed at the first participation of PWIDs. Design A ‘seek, test, treat, retain’ intervention employing five rounds of respondent‐driven sampling. Setting Athens, Greece (2012–13). Participants A total of 3320 individuals who had injected drugs in the past 12 months. Intervention ARISTOTLE is an intervention that involves reaching out to high‐risk, hard‐to‐reach PWIDs (‘seek’), engaging them in HIV testing and providing information and materials to prevent HIV (‘test’) and initiating and maintaining anti‐retroviral and opioid substitution treatment for those testing positive (‘treat’ and ‘retain’). Measurements Blood samples were collected for HIV testing and personal interviews were conducted. Findings ARISTOTLE recruited 3320 PWIDs during the course of 13.5 months. More than half (54%) participated in multiple rounds, resulting in 7113 visits. HIV prevalence was 15.1%. At their first contact with the programme, 12.5% were on opioid substitution treatment programmes and the median number of free syringes they had received in the preceding month was 0. In the multivariable analysis, apart from injection‐related variables, homelessness was a risk factor for HIV infection in male PWIDs [odds ratio (OR) yes versus no = 1.89, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.41, 2.52] while, in female PWIDS, the number of sexual partners (OR for > 5 versus one partner in the past year = 4.12, 95% CI = 1.93, 8.77) and history of imprisonment (OR yes versus no = 2.76, 95% CI = 1.43, 5.31) were associated with HIV. Conclusions In Athens, Greece, the ARISTOTLE intervention for identifying HIV‐positive people among people who inject drugs (PWID) facilitated rapid identification of a hidden population experiencing an outbreak and provided HIV testing, counselling and linkage to care. According to ARISTOTLE data, the 2011 HIV outbreak in Athens resulted in 15% HIV infection among PWID. Risk factors for HIV among PWID included homelessness in men and history of imprisonment and number of sexual partners in women.
Aims To (i) describe an intervention implemented in response to the HIV-1 outbreak among people who inject drugs (PWIDs) in Greece (ARISTOTLE programme), (ii) assess its success in identifying and testing this population and (iii) describe socio-demographic characteristics, risk behaviours and access to treatment/prevention, estimate HIV prevalence and identify risk factors, as assessed at the first participation of PWIDs. Design A 'seek, test, treat, retain' intervention employing five rounds of respondent-driven sampling. Setting Athens, Greece (2012-13). Participants A total of 3320 individuals who had injected drugs in the past 12 months. Intervention ARISTOTLE is an intervention that involves reaching out to high-risk, hard-to-reach PWIDs ('seek'), engaging them in HIV testing and providing information and materials to prevent HIV ('test') and initiating and maintaining anti-retroviral and opioid substitution treatment for those testing positive ('treat' and 'retain'). Measurements Blood samples were collected for HIV testing and personal interviews were conducted. Findings ARISTOTLE recruited 3320 PWIDs during the course of 13.5 months. More than half (54%) participated in multiple rounds, resulting in 7113 visits. HIV prevalence was 15.1%. At their first contact with the programme, 12.5% were on opioid substitution treatment programmes and the median number of free syringes they had received in the preceding month was 0. In the multivariable analysis, apart from injection-related variables, homelessness was a risk factor for HIV infection in male PWIDs [odds ratio (OR)yes versus no=1.89, 95% confidence interval (CI)=1.41, 2.52] while, in female PWIDS, the number of sexual partners (OR for >5 versus one partner in the past year=4.12, 95% CI=1.93, 8.77) and history of imprisonment (OR yes versus no=2.76, 95% CI=1.43, 5.31) were associated with HIV. Conclusions In Athens, Greece, the ARISTOTLE intervention for identifying HIV-positive people among people who inject drugs (PWID) facilitated rapid identification of a hidden population experiencing an outbreak and provided HIV testing, counselling and linkage to care. According to ARISTOTLE data, the 2011 HIV outbreak in Athens resulted in 15% HIV infection among PWID. Risk factors for HIV among PWID included homelessness in men and history of imprisonment and number of sexual partners in women.
Author Micha, Katerina
Panopoulos, Anastasios
van de Laar, Marita
Nikolopoulos, Georgios
Pharris, Anastasia
Paraskevis, Dimitrios
Hatzakis, Angelos
Donoghoe, Martin
Tsiara, Chrissa
Sypsa, Vana
Psichogiou, Mina
Des Jarlais, Don C.
Malliori, Meni
Wiessing, Lucas
Heckathorn, Douglas D.
Friedman, Samuel R.
AuthorAffiliation 1 Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, Medical School, University of Athens, Athens, Greece
13 Beth Israel Medical Center, New York, USA
4 Organization Against Drugs, Athens, Greece
5 Medical School, University of Athens, Athens, Greece
6 Department of Propedeutic Medicine, Medical School, University of Athens, Athens, Greece
7 European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control, Stockholm, Sweden
11 Cornell University, Ithaca, NY USA
8 European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction, Lisbon, Portugal
2 IAS/NIDA Fellow, Hellenic Center for Diseases Prevention and Control, Athens, Greece
9 Consultant Public Health, Utrecht, the Netherlands
12 National Development and Research Institutes, New York, USA
10 World Health Organization Regional Office for Europe, Copenhagen, Denmark
3 Hellenic Centre for Diseases Control and Prevention, Athens, Greece
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Issue 9
Keywords prevalence
respondent-driven sampling
risk factors
HIV outbreak
intervention
PWIDs
Language English
License 2015 Society for the Study of Addiction.
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PublicationDate September 2015
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  year: 2015
  text: September 2015
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PublicationPlace England
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PublicationTitle Addiction (Abingdon, England)
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Publisher Blackwell Publishing Ltd
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References World Health Organization (WHO), United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) and Joint United Nations Programme on HIV and AIDS (UNAIDS) Technical Guide for Countries to Set Targets for Universal Access to HIV Prevention, Treatment and Care for Injecting Drug Users. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2009.
Malekinejad M., Johnston L. G., Kendall C., Kerr L. R., Rifkin M. R., Rutherford G. W. Using respondent-driven sampling methodology for HIV biological and behavioral surveillance in international settings: a systematic review. AIDS Behav 2008; 12: S105-30.
Salganik M. J. Variance estimation, design effects, and sample size calculations for respondent-driven sampling. J Urban Health 2006; 83: i98-112.
Desenclos J. C., Papaevangelou G., Ancelle-Park R. Knowledge of HIV serostatus and preventive behaviour among European injecting drug users. The European Community Study Group on HIV in Injecting Drug Users. Aids 1993; 7: 1371-7.
StataCorp Stata Statistical Software: Release 11. College Station, TX: StataCorp; 2009.
Uuskula A., Kalikova A., Zilmer K., Tammai L., DeHovitz J. The role of injection drug use in the emergence of human immunodeficiency virus infection in Estonia. Int J Infect Dis 2002; 6: 23-7.
Paraskevis D., Nikolopoulos G., Tsiara C., Paraskeva D., Antoniadou A., Lazanas M., et al. HIV-1 outbreak among injecting drug users in Greece, 2011: a preliminary report. Euro Surveill 2011; 16: pii=19962.
Linton S. L., Celentano D. D., Kirk G. D., Mehta S. H. The longitudinal association between homelessness, injection drug use, and injection-related risk behavior among persons with a history of injection drug use in Baltimore, MD. Drug Alcohol Depend 2013; 132: 457-65.
Nikolopoulos G., Paraskevis D., Hatzakis A. HIV epidemiology in Greece. Future Microbiol 2008; 3: 507-16.
Volz E., Wejnert C., Cameron C., Spiller M., Barash V., Degani I., et al. Respondent-Driven Sampling Analysis Tool (RDSAT), version 7.1. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University; 2012.
Kottiri B. J., Friedman S. R., Neaigus A., Curtis R., Des Jarlais D. C. Risk networks and racial/ethnic differences in the prevalence of HIV infection among injection drug users. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2002; 30: 95-104.
Stimson G. V. Has the United Kingdom averted an epidemic of HIV-1 infection among drug injectors? Addiction 1996; 91: 1085-8; discussion 1089-99.
Eritsyan K., Heimer R., Barbour R., Odinokova V., White E., Rusakova M. M., et al. Individual-level, network-level and city-level factors associated with HIV prevalence among people who inject drugs in eight Russian cities: a cross-sectional study. BMJ Open 2013; 3: pii: e002645.
Coady M. H., Latka M. H., Thiede H., Golub E. T., Ouellet L., Hudson S. M., et al. Housing status and associated differences in HIV risk behaviors among young injection drug users (IDUs). AIDS Behav 2007; 11: 854-63.
Pharris A., Wiessing L., Sfetcu O., Hedrich D., Botescu A., Fotiou A., et al. Human immunodeficiency virus in injecting drug users in Europe following a reported increase of cases in Greece and Romania, 2011. Euro Surveill 2011; 16: pii: 20032.
Metraux S., Metzger D. S., Culhane D. P. Homelessness and HIV risk behaviors among injection drug users. J Urban Health 2004; 81: 618-29.
Rahnama R., Mohraz M., Mirzazadeh A., Rutherford G., McFarland W., Akbari G., et al. Access to harm reduction programs among persons who inject drugs: findings from a respondent-driven sampling survey in Tehran, Iran. Int J Drug Policy 2014; 25: 717-23.
Rhodes T., Lowndes C., Judd A., Mikhailova L. A., Sarang A., Rylkov A., et al. Explosive spread and high prevalence of HIV infection among injecting drug users in Togliatti City, Russia. Aids 2002; 16: F25-31.
Heckathorn D. Respondent-driven sampling: a new approach to the study of hidden populations. Soc Probl 1997; 44: 1741-99.
Strathdee S. A., Patrick D. M., Currie S. L., Cornelisse P. G., Rekart M. L., Montaner J. S., et al. Needle exchange is not enough: lessons from the Vancouver injecting drug use study. Aids 1997; 11: F59-65.
Donoghoe M. C., Stimson G. V., Dolan K. A. Sexual behaviour of injecting drug users and associated risks of HIV infection for non-injecting sexual partners. AIDS Care 1989; 1: 51-8.
Uuskula A., McMahon J. M., Kals M., Talu A., Abel-Ollo K., Ruutel K., et al. Risk for heterosexual HIV transmission among non-injecting female partners of injection drug users in Estonia. AIDS Behav 2013; 17: 879-88.
National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA) and International AIDS Society (IAS) Report Prevention and Treatment of HIV/AIDS Among Drug Using Populations: A Global Perspective. Washington, DC: NIDA/IAS; 2010.
Hedrich D., Kalamara E., Sfetcu O., Pharris A., Noor A., Wiessing L., et al. Human immunodeficiency virus among people who inject drugs: is risk increasing in Europe? Euro Surveill 2013; 18: 20648.
Yen Y. F., Rodwell T. C., Yen M. Y., Hsu Y. H., Chuang P., Li L. H., et al. HIV infection risk among injection drug users in a methadone maintenance treatment program, Taipei, Taiwan 2007-2010. Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse 2012; 38: 544-50.
Heckathorn D. D. Extensions of respondent-driven sampling: analyzing continuous variables and controlling for differential recruitment. Sociol Methodol 2007; 37: 151-207.
Mills H. L., White E., Colijn C., Vickerman P., Heimer R. HIV transmission from drug injectors to partners who do not inject, and beyond: modelling the potential for a generalized heterosexual epidemic in St. Petersburg, Russia. Drug Alcohol Depend 2013; 133: 242-7.
Sypsa V., Paraskevis D., Malliori M., Nikolopoulos G. K., Panopoulos A., Kantzanou M., et al. Homelessness and other risk factors for HIV infection in the current outbreak among injection drug users in Athens, Greece. Am J Public Health 2015; 105: 196-204.
Corsi K. F., Dvoryak S., Garver-Apgar C., Davis J. M., Brewster J. T., Lisovska O., et al. Gender differences between predictors of HIV status among PWID in Ukraine. Drug Alcohol Depend 2014; 138: 103-8.
Heckathorn D. D., Semaan S., Broadhead R. S., Hughes J. Extensions of respondent-driven sampling: a new approach to the study of injection drug users aged 18-25. AIDS Behav 2002; 6: 55-67.
Wang K., Fu H., Longfield K., Modi S., Mundy G., Firestone R. Do community-based strategies reduce HIV risk among people who inject drugs in China? A quasi-experimental study in Yunnan and Guangxi provinces. Harm Reduct J 2014; 11: 15.
Morineau G., Bollen L. J., Syafitri R. I., Nurjannah N., Mustikawati D. E., Magnani R. HIV prevalence and risk behaviours among injecting drug users in six Indonesian cities: implications for future HIV prevention programs. Harm Reduct J 2012; 9: 37.
Wiessing L., Bravo M. J., European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (EMCDDA) DRID Guidance Module: Behavioural Indicators for People Who Inject Drugs. Lisbon: EMCDDA; 2013.
Friedman S. R., West B. S., Tempalski B., Morton C. M., Cleland C. M., Des Jarlais D. C., et al. Do metropolitan HIV epidemic histories and programs for people who inject drugs and men who have sex with men predict AIDS incidence and mortality among heterosexuals? Ann Epidemiol 2014; 24: 304-11.
Heckathorn D. Respondent-driven sampling II: deriving valid population estimates from chain referral samples of hidden populations. Soc Probl 2002; 49: 11-34.
Friedman S. R., Neaigus A., Jose B., Curtis R., Goldstein M., Ildefonso G., et al. Sociometric risk networks and risk for HIV infection. Am J Public Health 1997; 87: 1289-96.
Estebanez P. E., Russell N. K., Aguilar M. D., Beland F., Zunzunegui M. V. Women, drugs and HIV/AIDS: results of a multicentre European study. Int J Epidemiol 2000; 29: 734-43.
Estebanez P., Russell N. K., Aguilar M. D., Cifuentes I., Zunzunegui M. V., McPherson K. Determinants of HIV prevalence amongst female IDU in Madrid. Eur J Epidemiol 2001; 17: 573-80.
Johnston L. G., Sabin K. Sampling hard-to-reach populations with respondent driven sampling. Methodol Innov Online 2010; 5: 38-48.
Barrio G., Bravo M. J., Brugal M. T., Diez M., Regidor E., Belza M. J., et al. Harm reduction interventions for drug injectors or heroin users in Spain: expanding coverage as the storm abates. Addiction 2012; 107: 1111-22.
Paraskevis D., Nikolopoulos G., Fotiou A., Tsiara C., Paraskeva D., Sypsa V., et al. Economic recession and emergence of an HIV-1 outbreak among drug injectors in Athens metropolitan area: a longitudinal study. PLOS ONE 2013; 8: e78941.
Donoghoe M. C., Dolan K. A., Stimson G. V. Life-style factors and social circumstances of syringe sharing in injecting drug users. Br J Addict 1992; 87: 993-1003.
Gallagher K. M., Sullivan P. S., Lansky A., Onorato I. M. Behavioral surveillance among people at risk for HIV infection in the U.S.: the National HIV Behavioral Surveillance System. Public Health Rep 2007; 122: 32-8.
Shaboltas A. V., Toussova O. V., Hoffman I. F., Heimer R., Verevochkin S. V., Ryder R. W., et al. HIV prevalence, sociodemographic, and behavioral correlates and recruitment methods among injection drug users in St. Petersburg, Russia. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2006; 41: 657-63.
Lansky A., Drake A., Wejnert C., Pham H., Cribbin M., Heckathorn D. D. Assessing the assumptions of respondent-driven sampling in the national HIV Behavioral Surveillance System among injecting drug users. Open AIDS J 2012; 6: 77-82.
Greek REITOX Focal Point The 2012 National Report to the EMCDDA (2011 data). Athens: Greek REITOX Focal Point; University Mental Health Research Institute; 2012.
Fotiou A., Giannou F., Lagakos L. HIV outbreak in IDUs in Greece. Update on Situation and Responses (2nd Meeting on Detecting and Responding to Outbreaks of HIV Among People who Inject Drugs). Lisbon, Portugal: EMCCDA; 2012.
Raoult D., Foucault C., Brouqui P. Infections in the homeless. Lancet Infect Dis 2001; 1: 77-84.
Malliori M., Golna C., Souliotis K., Hatzakis A. Managing opioid dependence treatment and controlling for HIV incidence among injecting drug users in Greece: a case study of optimism in the face of adversity. Addiction 2013; 108: 1174-5.
Platt L., Bobro
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References_xml – reference: Heckathorn D. Respondent-driven sampling II: deriving valid population estimates from chain referral samples of hidden populations. Soc Probl 2002; 49: 11-34.
– reference: Friedman S. R., West B. S., Tempalski B., Morton C. M., Cleland C. M., Des Jarlais D. C., et al. Do metropolitan HIV epidemic histories and programs for people who inject drugs and men who have sex with men predict AIDS incidence and mortality among heterosexuals? Ann Epidemiol 2014; 24: 304-11.
– reference: Heckathorn D. D. Extensions of respondent-driven sampling: analyzing continuous variables and controlling for differential recruitment. Sociol Methodol 2007; 37: 151-207.
– reference: Paraskevis D., Nikolopoulos G., Fotiou A., Tsiara C., Paraskeva D., Sypsa V., et al. Economic recession and emergence of an HIV-1 outbreak among drug injectors in Athens metropolitan area: a longitudinal study. PLOS ONE 2013; 8: e78941.
– reference: Metraux S., Metzger D. S., Culhane D. P. Homelessness and HIV risk behaviors among injection drug users. J Urban Health 2004; 81: 618-29.
– reference: Volz E., Wejnert C., Cameron C., Spiller M., Barash V., Degani I., et al. Respondent-Driven Sampling Analysis Tool (RDSAT), version 7.1. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University; 2012.
– reference: Fotiou A., Giannou F., Lagakos L. HIV outbreak in IDUs in Greece. Update on Situation and Responses (2nd Meeting on Detecting and Responding to Outbreaks of HIV Among People who Inject Drugs). Lisbon, Portugal: EMCCDA; 2012.
– reference: Uuskula A., Kalikova A., Zilmer K., Tammai L., DeHovitz J. The role of injection drug use in the emergence of human immunodeficiency virus infection in Estonia. Int J Infect Dis 2002; 6: 23-7.
– reference: Coady M. H., Latka M. H., Thiede H., Golub E. T., Ouellet L., Hudson S. M., et al. Housing status and associated differences in HIV risk behaviors among young injection drug users (IDUs). AIDS Behav 2007; 11: 854-63.
– reference: Greek REITOX Focal Point The 2012 National Report to the EMCDDA (2011 data). Athens: Greek REITOX Focal Point; University Mental Health Research Institute; 2012.
– reference: StataCorp Stata Statistical Software: Release 11. College Station, TX: StataCorp; 2009.
– reference: Morineau G., Bollen L. J., Syafitri R. I., Nurjannah N., Mustikawati D. E., Magnani R. HIV prevalence and risk behaviours among injecting drug users in six Indonesian cities: implications for future HIV prevention programs. Harm Reduct J 2012; 9: 37.
– reference: Yen Y. F., Rodwell T. C., Yen M. Y., Hsu Y. H., Chuang P., Li L. H., et al. HIV infection risk among injection drug users in a methadone maintenance treatment program, Taipei, Taiwan 2007-2010. Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse 2012; 38: 544-50.
– reference: Estebanez P., Russell N. K., Aguilar M. D., Cifuentes I., Zunzunegui M. V., McPherson K. Determinants of HIV prevalence amongst female IDU in Madrid. Eur J Epidemiol 2001; 17: 573-80.
– reference: Raoult D., Foucault C., Brouqui P. Infections in the homeless. Lancet Infect Dis 2001; 1: 77-84.
– reference: Mills H. L., White E., Colijn C., Vickerman P., Heimer R. HIV transmission from drug injectors to partners who do not inject, and beyond: modelling the potential for a generalized heterosexual epidemic in St. Petersburg, Russia. Drug Alcohol Depend 2013; 133: 242-7.
– reference: Stimson G. V. Has the United Kingdom averted an epidemic of HIV-1 infection among drug injectors? Addiction 1996; 91: 1085-8; discussion 1089-99.
– reference: Wiessing L., Bravo M. J., European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (EMCDDA) DRID Guidance Module: Behavioural Indicators for People Who Inject Drugs. Lisbon: EMCDDA; 2013.
– reference: Heckathorn D. D., Semaan S., Broadhead R. S., Hughes J. Extensions of respondent-driven sampling: a new approach to the study of injection drug users aged 18-25. AIDS Behav 2002; 6: 55-67.
– reference: Barrio G., Bravo M. J., Brugal M. T., Diez M., Regidor E., Belza M. J., et al. Harm reduction interventions for drug injectors or heroin users in Spain: expanding coverage as the storm abates. Addiction 2012; 107: 1111-22.
– reference: Johnston L. G., Sabin K. Sampling hard-to-reach populations with respondent driven sampling. Methodol Innov Online 2010; 5: 38-48.
– reference: Heckathorn D. Respondent-driven sampling: a new approach to the study of hidden populations. Soc Probl 1997; 44: 1741-99.
– reference: Lansky A., Drake A., Wejnert C., Pham H., Cribbin M., Heckathorn D. D. Assessing the assumptions of respondent-driven sampling in the national HIV Behavioral Surveillance System among injecting drug users. Open AIDS J 2012; 6: 77-82.
– reference: National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA) and International AIDS Society (IAS) Report Prevention and Treatment of HIV/AIDS Among Drug Using Populations: A Global Perspective. Washington, DC: NIDA/IAS; 2010.
– reference: Gallagher K. M., Sullivan P. S., Lansky A., Onorato I. M. Behavioral surveillance among people at risk for HIV infection in the U.S.: the National HIV Behavioral Surveillance System. Public Health Rep 2007; 122: 32-8.
– reference: Nikolopoulos G., Paraskevis D., Hatzakis A. HIV epidemiology in Greece. Future Microbiol 2008; 3: 507-16.
– reference: Donoghoe M. C., Dolan K. A., Stimson G. V. Life-style factors and social circumstances of syringe sharing in injecting drug users. Br J Addict 1992; 87: 993-1003.
– reference: Strathdee S. A., Patrick D. M., Currie S. L., Cornelisse P. G., Rekart M. L., Montaner J. S., et al. Needle exchange is not enough: lessons from the Vancouver injecting drug use study. Aids 1997; 11: F59-65.
– reference: Hedrich D., Kalamara E., Sfetcu O., Pharris A., Noor A., Wiessing L., et al. Human immunodeficiency virus among people who inject drugs: is risk increasing in Europe? Euro Surveill 2013; 18: 20648.
– reference: Malekinejad M., Johnston L. G., Kendall C., Kerr L. R., Rifkin M. R., Rutherford G. W. Using respondent-driven sampling methodology for HIV biological and behavioral surveillance in international settings: a systematic review. AIDS Behav 2008; 12: S105-30.
– reference: Friedman S. R., Neaigus A., Jose B., Curtis R., Goldstein M., Ildefonso G., et al. Sociometric risk networks and risk for HIV infection. Am J Public Health 1997; 87: 1289-96.
– reference: Uuskula A., McMahon J. M., Kals M., Talu A., Abel-Ollo K., Ruutel K., et al. Risk for heterosexual HIV transmission among non-injecting female partners of injection drug users in Estonia. AIDS Behav 2013; 17: 879-88.
– reference: Corsi K. F., Dvoryak S., Garver-Apgar C., Davis J. M., Brewster J. T., Lisovska O., et al. Gender differences between predictors of HIV status among PWID in Ukraine. Drug Alcohol Depend 2014; 138: 103-8.
– reference: Wang K., Fu H., Longfield K., Modi S., Mundy G., Firestone R. Do community-based strategies reduce HIV risk among people who inject drugs in China? A quasi-experimental study in Yunnan and Guangxi provinces. Harm Reduct J 2014; 11: 15.
– reference: Desenclos J. C., Papaevangelou G., Ancelle-Park R. Knowledge of HIV serostatus and preventive behaviour among European injecting drug users. The European Community Study Group on HIV in Injecting Drug Users. Aids 1993; 7: 1371-7.
– reference: Rhodes T., Lowndes C., Judd A., Mikhailova L. A., Sarang A., Rylkov A., et al. Explosive spread and high prevalence of HIV infection among injecting drug users in Togliatti City, Russia. Aids 2002; 16: F25-31.
– reference: Malliori M., Golna C., Souliotis K., Hatzakis A. Managing opioid dependence treatment and controlling for HIV incidence among injecting drug users in Greece: a case study of optimism in the face of adversity. Addiction 2013; 108: 1174-5.
– reference: Platt L., Bobrova N., Rhodes T., Uuskula A., Parry J. V., Ruutel K., et al. High HIV prevalence among injecting drug users in Estonia: implications for understanding the risk environment. Aids 2006; 20: 2120-3.
– reference: Eritsyan K., Heimer R., Barbour R., Odinokova V., White E., Rusakova M. M., et al. Individual-level, network-level and city-level factors associated with HIV prevalence among people who inject drugs in eight Russian cities: a cross-sectional study. BMJ Open 2013; 3: pii: e002645.
– reference: Donoghoe M. C., Stimson G. V., Dolan K. A. Sexual behaviour of injecting drug users and associated risks of HIV infection for non-injecting sexual partners. AIDS Care 1989; 1: 51-8.
– reference: World Health Organization (WHO), United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) and Joint United Nations Programme on HIV and AIDS (UNAIDS) Technical Guide for Countries to Set Targets for Universal Access to HIV Prevention, Treatment and Care for Injecting Drug Users. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2009.
– reference: Sypsa V., Paraskevis D., Malliori M., Nikolopoulos G. K., Panopoulos A., Kantzanou M., et al. Homelessness and other risk factors for HIV infection in the current outbreak among injection drug users in Athens, Greece. Am J Public Health 2015; 105: 196-204.
– reference: Rahnama R., Mohraz M., Mirzazadeh A., Rutherford G., McFarland W., Akbari G., et al. Access to harm reduction programs among persons who inject drugs: findings from a respondent-driven sampling survey in Tehran, Iran. Int J Drug Policy 2014; 25: 717-23.
– reference: Shaboltas A. V., Toussova O. V., Hoffman I. F., Heimer R., Verevochkin S. V., Ryder R. W., et al. HIV prevalence, sociodemographic, and behavioral correlates and recruitment methods among injection drug users in St. Petersburg, Russia. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2006; 41: 657-63.
– reference: Estebanez P. E., Russell N. K., Aguilar M. D., Beland F., Zunzunegui M. V. Women, drugs and HIV/AIDS: results of a multicentre European study. Int J Epidemiol 2000; 29: 734-43.
– reference: Pharris A., Wiessing L., Sfetcu O., Hedrich D., Botescu A., Fotiou A., et al. Human immunodeficiency virus in injecting drug users in Europe following a reported increase of cases in Greece and Romania, 2011. Euro Surveill 2011; 16: pii: 20032.
– reference: Linton S. L., Celentano D. D., Kirk G. D., Mehta S. H. The longitudinal association between homelessness, injection drug use, and injection-related risk behavior among persons with a history of injection drug use in Baltimore, MD. Drug Alcohol Depend 2013; 132: 457-65.
– reference: Paraskevis D., Nikolopoulos G., Tsiara C., Paraskeva D., Antoniadou A., Lazanas M., et al. HIV-1 outbreak among injecting drug users in Greece, 2011: a preliminary report. Euro Surveill 2011; 16: pii=19962.
– reference: Salganik M. J. Variance estimation, design effects, and sample size calculations for respondent-driven sampling. J Urban Health 2006; 83: i98-112.
– reference: Kottiri B. J., Friedman S. R., Neaigus A., Curtis R., Des Jarlais D. C. Risk networks and racial/ethnic differences in the prevalence of HIV infection among injection drug users. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2002; 30: 95-104.
– year: 2011
– year: 2009
– volume: 6
  start-page: 23
  year: 2002
  end-page: 7
  article-title: The role of injection drug use in the emergence of human immunodeficiency virus infection in Estonia
  publication-title: Int J Infect Dis
– volume: 83
  start-page: i98
  year: 2006
  end-page: 112
  article-title: Variance estimation, design effects, and sample size calculations for respondent‐driven sampling
  publication-title: J Urban Health
– volume: 9
  start-page: 37
  year: 2012
  article-title: HIV prevalence and risk behaviours among injecting drug users in six Indonesian cities: implications for future HIV prevention programs
  publication-title: Harm Reduct J
– volume: 38
  start-page: 544
  year: 2012
  end-page: 50
  article-title: HIV infection risk among injection drug users in a methadone maintenance treatment program, Taipei, Taiwan 2007–2010
  publication-title: Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse
– volume: 17
  start-page: 573
  year: 2001
  end-page: 80
  article-title: Determinants of HIV prevalence amongst female IDU in Madrid
  publication-title: Eur J Epidemiol
– volume: 87
  start-page: 993
  year: 1992
  end-page: 1003
  article-title: Life‐style factors and social circumstances of syringe sharing in injecting drug users
  publication-title: Br J Addict
– volume: 132
  start-page: 457
  year: 2013
  end-page: 65
  article-title: The longitudinal association between homelessness, injection drug use, and injection‐related risk behavior among persons with a history of injection drug use in Baltimore, MD
  publication-title: Drug Alcohol Depend
– volume: 3
  start-page: 507
  year: 2008
  end-page: 16
  article-title: HIV epidemiology in Greece
  publication-title: Future Microbiol
– volume: 5
  start-page: 38
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Snippet Aims To (i) describe an intervention implemented in response to the HIV‐1 outbreak among people who inject drugs (PWIDs) in Greece (ARISTOTLE programme), (ii)...
To (i) describe an intervention implemented in response to the HIV-1 outbreak among people who inject drugs (PWIDs) in Greece (ARISTOTLE programme), (ii)...
Aims To (i) describe an intervention implemented in response to the HIV-1 outbreak among people who inject drugs (PWIDs) in Greece (ARISTOTLE programme), (ii)...
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StartPage 1453
SubjectTerms Adolescent
Adult
Aged
Antiretroviral therapy
Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active
Blood tests
Comorbidity
Confidence intervals
Demography
Disease Outbreaks - statistics & numerical data
Drugs
Female
Greece
Health risk assessment
High risk
HIV
HIV Infections - diagnosis
HIV Infections - drug therapy
HIV Infections - epidemiology
HIV outbreak
Homeless people
Homelessness
Human immunodeficiency virus
Humans
Imprisonment
Infections
Intervention
Male
Medical tests
Methadone
Middle Aged
Narcotics
Opioids
Prevalence
Preventive medicine
PWIDs
respondent-driven sampling
Risk assessment
Risk behavior
Risk Factors
Risk theory
Risk-Taking
Sex
Sexual behavior
Sociodemographics
Socioenvironmental Therapy
Substance Abuse, Intravenous - epidemiology
Treatment programs
Young Adult
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Title Design and baseline findings of a large-scale rapid response to an HIV outbreak in people who inject drugs in Athens, Greece: the ARISTOTLE programme
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