Design and baseline findings of a large-scale rapid response to an HIV outbreak in people who inject drugs in Athens, Greece: the ARISTOTLE programme
Aims To (i) describe an intervention implemented in response to the HIV‐1 outbreak among people who inject drugs (PWIDs) in Greece (ARISTOTLE programme), (ii) assess its success in identifying and testing this population and (iii) describe socio‐demographic characteristics, risk behaviours and acces...
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| Published in | Addiction (Abingdon, England) Vol. 110; no. 9; pp. 1453 - 1467 |
|---|---|
| Main Authors | , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , |
| Format | Journal Article |
| Language | English |
| Published |
England
Blackwell Publishing Ltd
01.09.2015
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| Subjects | |
| Online Access | Get full text |
| ISSN | 0965-2140 1360-0443 1360-0443 |
| DOI | 10.1111/add.12999 |
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| Abstract | Aims
To (i) describe an intervention implemented in response to the HIV‐1 outbreak among people who inject drugs (PWIDs) in Greece (ARISTOTLE programme), (ii) assess its success in identifying and testing this population and (iii) describe socio‐demographic characteristics, risk behaviours and access to treatment/prevention, estimate HIV prevalence and identify risk factors, as assessed at the first participation of PWIDs.
Design
A ‘seek, test, treat, retain’ intervention employing five rounds of respondent‐driven sampling.
Setting
Athens, Greece (2012–13).
Participants
A total of 3320 individuals who had injected drugs in the past 12 months.
Intervention
ARISTOTLE is an intervention that involves reaching out to high‐risk, hard‐to‐reach PWIDs (‘seek’), engaging them in HIV testing and providing information and materials to prevent HIV (‘test’) and initiating and maintaining anti‐retroviral and opioid substitution treatment for those testing positive (‘treat’ and ‘retain’).
Measurements
Blood samples were collected for HIV testing and personal interviews were conducted.
Findings
ARISTOTLE recruited 3320 PWIDs during the course of 13.5 months. More than half (54%) participated in multiple rounds, resulting in 7113 visits. HIV prevalence was 15.1%. At their first contact with the programme, 12.5% were on opioid substitution treatment programmes and the median number of free syringes they had received in the preceding month was 0. In the multivariable analysis, apart from injection‐related variables, homelessness was a risk factor for HIV infection in male PWIDs [odds ratio (OR) yes versus no = 1.89, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.41, 2.52] while, in female PWIDS, the number of sexual partners (OR for > 5 versus one partner in the past year = 4.12, 95% CI = 1.93, 8.77) and history of imprisonment (OR yes versus no = 2.76, 95% CI = 1.43, 5.31) were associated with HIV.
Conclusions
In Athens, Greece, the ARISTOTLE intervention for identifying HIV‐positive people among people who inject drugs (PWID) facilitated rapid identification of a hidden population experiencing an outbreak and provided HIV testing, counselling and linkage to care. According to ARISTOTLE data, the 2011 HIV outbreak in Athens resulted in 15% HIV infection among PWID. Risk factors for HIV among PWID included homelessness in men and history of imprisonment and number of sexual partners in women. |
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| AbstractList | To (i) describe an intervention implemented in response to the HIV-1 outbreak among people who inject drugs (PWIDs) in Greece (ARISTOTLE programme), (ii) assess its success in identifying and testing this population and (iii) describe socio-demographic characteristics, risk behaviours and access to treatment/prevention, estimate HIV prevalence and identify risk factors, as assessed at the first participation of PWIDs.AIMSTo (i) describe an intervention implemented in response to the HIV-1 outbreak among people who inject drugs (PWIDs) in Greece (ARISTOTLE programme), (ii) assess its success in identifying and testing this population and (iii) describe socio-demographic characteristics, risk behaviours and access to treatment/prevention, estimate HIV prevalence and identify risk factors, as assessed at the first participation of PWIDs.A 'seek, test, treat, retain' intervention employing five rounds of respondent-driven sampling.DESIGNA 'seek, test, treat, retain' intervention employing five rounds of respondent-driven sampling.Athens, Greece (2012-13).SETTINGAthens, Greece (2012-13).A total of 3320 individuals who had injected drugs in the past 12 months.PARTICIPANTSA total of 3320 individuals who had injected drugs in the past 12 months.ARISTOTLE is an intervention that involves reaching out to high-risk, hard-to-reach PWIDs ('seek'), engaging them in HIV testing and providing information and materials to prevent HIV ('test') and initiating and maintaining anti-retroviral and opioid substitution treatment for those testing positive ('treat' and 'retain').INTERVENTIONARISTOTLE is an intervention that involves reaching out to high-risk, hard-to-reach PWIDs ('seek'), engaging them in HIV testing and providing information and materials to prevent HIV ('test') and initiating and maintaining anti-retroviral and opioid substitution treatment for those testing positive ('treat' and 'retain').Blood samples were collected for HIV testing and personal interviews were conducted.MEASUREMENTSBlood samples were collected for HIV testing and personal interviews were conducted.ARISTOTLE recruited 3320 PWIDs during the course of 13.5 months. More than half (54%) participated in multiple rounds, resulting in 7113 visits. HIV prevalence was 15.1%. At their first contact with the programme, 12.5% were on opioid substitution treatment programmes and the median number of free syringes they had received in the preceding month was 0. In the multivariable analysis, apart from injection-related variables, homelessness was a risk factor for HIV infection in male PWIDs [odds ratio (OR) yes versus no = 1.89, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.41, 2.52] while, in female PWIDS, the number of sexual partners (OR for > 5 versus one partner in the past year = 4.12, 95% CI = 1.93, 8.77) and history of imprisonment (OR yes versus no = 2.76, 95% CI = 1.43, 5.31) were associated with HIV.FINDINGSARISTOTLE recruited 3320 PWIDs during the course of 13.5 months. More than half (54%) participated in multiple rounds, resulting in 7113 visits. HIV prevalence was 15.1%. At their first contact with the programme, 12.5% were on opioid substitution treatment programmes and the median number of free syringes they had received in the preceding month was 0. In the multivariable analysis, apart from injection-related variables, homelessness was a risk factor for HIV infection in male PWIDs [odds ratio (OR) yes versus no = 1.89, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.41, 2.52] while, in female PWIDS, the number of sexual partners (OR for > 5 versus one partner in the past year = 4.12, 95% CI = 1.93, 8.77) and history of imprisonment (OR yes versus no = 2.76, 95% CI = 1.43, 5.31) were associated with HIV.In Athens, Greece, the ARISTOTLE intervention for identifying HIV-positive people among people who inject drugs (PWID) facilitated rapid identification of a hidden population experiencing an outbreak and provided HIV testing, counselling and linkage to care. According to ARISTOTLE data, the 2011 HIV outbreak in Athens resulted in 15% HIV infection among PWID. Risk factors for HIV among PWID included homelessness in men and history of imprisonment and number of sexual partners in women.CONCLUSIONSIn Athens, Greece, the ARISTOTLE intervention for identifying HIV-positive people among people who inject drugs (PWID) facilitated rapid identification of a hidden population experiencing an outbreak and provided HIV testing, counselling and linkage to care. According to ARISTOTLE data, the 2011 HIV outbreak in Athens resulted in 15% HIV infection among PWID. Risk factors for HIV among PWID included homelessness in men and history of imprisonment and number of sexual partners in women. To (i) describe an intervention implemented in response to the HIV-1 outbreak among people who inject drugs (PWIDs) in Greece (ARISTOTLE programme), (ii) assess its success in identifying and testing this population and (iii) describe socio-demographic characteristics, risk behaviours and access to treatment/prevention, estimate HIV prevalence and identify risk factors, as assessed at the first participation of PWIDs. A 'seek, test, treat, retain' intervention employing five rounds of respondent-driven sampling. Athens, Greece (2012-13). A total of 3320 individuals who had injected drugs in the past 12 months. ARISTOTLE is an intervention that involves reaching out to high-risk, hard-to-reach PWIDs ('seek'), engaging them in HIV testing and providing information and materials to prevent HIV ('test') and initiating and maintaining anti-retroviral and opioid substitution treatment for those testing positive ('treat' and 'retain'). Blood samples were collected for HIV testing and personal interviews were conducted. ARISTOTLE recruited 3320 PWIDs during the course of 13.5 months. More than half (54%) participated in multiple rounds, resulting in 7113 visits. HIV prevalence was 15.1%. At their first contact with the programme, 12.5% were on opioid substitution treatment programmes and the median number of free syringes they had received in the preceding month was 0. In the multivariable analysis, apart from injection-related variables, homelessness was a risk factor for HIV infection in male PWIDs [odds ratio (OR) yes versus no = 1.89, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.41, 2.52] while, in female PWIDS, the number of sexual partners (OR for > 5 versus one partner in the past year = 4.12, 95% CI = 1.93, 8.77) and history of imprisonment (OR yes versus no = 2.76, 95% CI = 1.43, 5.31) were associated with HIV. In Athens, Greece, the ARISTOTLE intervention for identifying HIV-positive people among people who inject drugs (PWID) facilitated rapid identification of a hidden population experiencing an outbreak and provided HIV testing, counselling and linkage to care. According to ARISTOTLE data, the 2011 HIV outbreak in Athens resulted in 15% HIV infection among PWID. Risk factors for HIV among PWID included homelessness in men and history of imprisonment and number of sexual partners in women. To (i) describe an intervention implemented in response to the HIV-1 outbreak among people who inject drugs (PWIDs) in Greece (ARISTOTLE programme), (ii) assess its success in identifying and testing this population and (iii) describe socio-demographic characteristics, risk behaviours and access to treatment/prevention, estimate HIV prevalence and identify risk factors, as assessed at the first participation of PWIDs. A 'seek, test, treat, retain' intervention employing five rounds of respondent-driven sampling. A total of 3320 individuals who had injected drugs in the past 12 months. ARISTOTLE is an intervention that involves reaching out to high-risk, hard-to-reach PWIDs ('seek'), engaging them in HIV testing and providing information and materials to prevent HIV ('test') and initiating and maintaining anti-retroviral and opioid substitution treatment for those testing positive ('treat' and 'retain'). Blood samples were collected for HIV testing and personal interviews were conducted. ARISTOTLE recruited 3320 PWIDs during the course of 13.5 months. More than half (54%) participated in multiple rounds, resulting in 7113 visits. HIV prevalence was 15.1%. At their first contact with the programme, 12.5% were on opioid substitution treatment programmes and the median number of free syringes they had received in the preceding month was 0. In the multivariable analysis, apart from injection-related variables, homelessness was a risk factor for HIV infection in male PWIDs [odds ratio (OR)yes versus no=1.89, 95% confidence interval (CI)=1.41, 2.52] while, in female PWIDS, the number of sexual partners (OR for >5 versus one partner in the past year=4.12, 95% CI ;=1.93, 8.77) and history of imprisonment (OR yes versus no=2.76, 95% CI=1.43, 5.31) were associated with HIV. In Athens, Greece, the ARISTOTLE intervention for identifying HIV-positive people among people who inject drugs (PWID) facilitated rapid identification of a hidden population experiencing an outbreak and provided HIV testing, counselling and linkage to care. According to ARISTOTLE data, the 2011 HIV outbreak in Athens resulted in 15% HIV infection among PWID. Risk factors for HIV among PWID included homelessness in men and history of imprisonment and number of sexual partners in women. // ABSTRACT IN : Athens, Greece (2012-13). Reprinted by permission of Blackwell Publishing Aims To (i) describe an intervention implemented in response to the HIV‐1 outbreak among people who inject drugs (PWIDs) in Greece (ARISTOTLE programme), (ii) assess its success in identifying and testing this population and (iii) describe socio‐demographic characteristics, risk behaviours and access to treatment/prevention, estimate HIV prevalence and identify risk factors, as assessed at the first participation of PWIDs. Design A ‘seek, test, treat, retain’ intervention employing five rounds of respondent‐driven sampling. Setting Athens, Greece (2012–13). Participants A total of 3320 individuals who had injected drugs in the past 12 months. Intervention ARISTOTLE is an intervention that involves reaching out to high‐risk, hard‐to‐reach PWIDs (‘seek’), engaging them in HIV testing and providing information and materials to prevent HIV (‘test’) and initiating and maintaining anti‐retroviral and opioid substitution treatment for those testing positive (‘treat’ and ‘retain’). Measurements Blood samples were collected for HIV testing and personal interviews were conducted. Findings ARISTOTLE recruited 3320 PWIDs during the course of 13.5 months. More than half (54%) participated in multiple rounds, resulting in 7113 visits. HIV prevalence was 15.1%. At their first contact with the programme, 12.5% were on opioid substitution treatment programmes and the median number of free syringes they had received in the preceding month was 0. In the multivariable analysis, apart from injection‐related variables, homelessness was a risk factor for HIV infection in male PWIDs [odds ratio (OR) yes versus no = 1.89, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.41, 2.52] while, in female PWIDS, the number of sexual partners (OR for > 5 versus one partner in the past year = 4.12, 95% CI = 1.93, 8.77) and history of imprisonment (OR yes versus no = 2.76, 95% CI = 1.43, 5.31) were associated with HIV. Conclusions In Athens, Greece, the ARISTOTLE intervention for identifying HIV‐positive people among people who inject drugs (PWID) facilitated rapid identification of a hidden population experiencing an outbreak and provided HIV testing, counselling and linkage to care. According to ARISTOTLE data, the 2011 HIV outbreak in Athens resulted in 15% HIV infection among PWID. Risk factors for HIV among PWID included homelessness in men and history of imprisonment and number of sexual partners in women. Aims To (i) describe an intervention implemented in response to the HIV-1 outbreak among people who inject drugs (PWIDs) in Greece (ARISTOTLE programme), (ii) assess its success in identifying and testing this population and (iii) describe socio-demographic characteristics, risk behaviours and access to treatment/prevention, estimate HIV prevalence and identify risk factors, as assessed at the first participation of PWIDs. Design A 'seek, test, treat, retain' intervention employing five rounds of respondent-driven sampling. Setting Athens, Greece (2012-13). Participants A total of 3320 individuals who had injected drugs in the past 12 months. Intervention ARISTOTLE is an intervention that involves reaching out to high-risk, hard-to-reach PWIDs ('seek'), engaging them in HIV testing and providing information and materials to prevent HIV ('test') and initiating and maintaining anti-retroviral and opioid substitution treatment for those testing positive ('treat' and 'retain'). Measurements Blood samples were collected for HIV testing and personal interviews were conducted. Findings ARISTOTLE recruited 3320 PWIDs during the course of 13.5 months. More than half (54%) participated in multiple rounds, resulting in 7113 visits. HIV prevalence was 15.1%. At their first contact with the programme, 12.5% were on opioid substitution treatment programmes and the median number of free syringes they had received in the preceding month was 0. In the multivariable analysis, apart from injection-related variables, homelessness was a risk factor for HIV infection in male PWIDs [odds ratio (OR)yes versus no=1.89, 95% confidence interval (CI)=1.41, 2.52] while, in female PWIDS, the number of sexual partners (OR for >5 versus one partner in the past year=4.12, 95% CI=1.93, 8.77) and history of imprisonment (OR yes versus no=2.76, 95% CI=1.43, 5.31) were associated with HIV. Conclusions In Athens, Greece, the ARISTOTLE intervention for identifying HIV-positive people among people who inject drugs (PWID) facilitated rapid identification of a hidden population experiencing an outbreak and provided HIV testing, counselling and linkage to care. According to ARISTOTLE data, the 2011 HIV outbreak in Athens resulted in 15% HIV infection among PWID. Risk factors for HIV among PWID included homelessness in men and history of imprisonment and number of sexual partners in women. |
| Author | Micha, Katerina Panopoulos, Anastasios van de Laar, Marita Nikolopoulos, Georgios Pharris, Anastasia Paraskevis, Dimitrios Hatzakis, Angelos Donoghoe, Martin Tsiara, Chrissa Sypsa, Vana Psichogiou, Mina Des Jarlais, Don C. Malliori, Meni Wiessing, Lucas Heckathorn, Douglas D. Friedman, Samuel R. |
| AuthorAffiliation | 1 Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, Medical School, University of Athens, Athens, Greece 13 Beth Israel Medical Center, New York, USA 4 Organization Against Drugs, Athens, Greece 5 Medical School, University of Athens, Athens, Greece 6 Department of Propedeutic Medicine, Medical School, University of Athens, Athens, Greece 7 European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control, Stockholm, Sweden 11 Cornell University, Ithaca, NY USA 8 European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction, Lisbon, Portugal 2 IAS/NIDA Fellow, Hellenic Center for Diseases Prevention and Control, Athens, Greece 9 Consultant Public Health, Utrecht, the Netherlands 12 National Development and Research Institutes, New York, USA 10 World Health Organization Regional Office for Europe, Copenhagen, Denmark 3 Hellenic Centre for Diseases Control and Prevention, Athens, Greece |
| AuthorAffiliation_xml | – name: 4 Organization Against Drugs, Athens, Greece – name: 10 World Health Organization Regional Office for Europe, Copenhagen, Denmark – name: 9 Consultant Public Health, Utrecht, the Netherlands – name: 6 Department of Propedeutic Medicine, Medical School, University of Athens, Athens, Greece – name: 2 IAS/NIDA Fellow, Hellenic Center for Diseases Prevention and Control, Athens, Greece – name: 12 National Development and Research Institutes, New York, USA – name: 7 European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control, Stockholm, Sweden – name: 5 Medical School, University of Athens, Athens, Greece – name: 8 European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction, Lisbon, Portugal – name: 1 Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, Medical School, University of Athens, Athens, Greece – name: 13 Beth Israel Medical Center, New York, USA – name: 3 Hellenic Centre for Diseases Control and Prevention, Athens, Greece – name: 11 Cornell University, Ithaca, NY USA |
| Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: Angelos surname: Hatzakis fullname: Hatzakis, Angelos email: ahatzak@med.uoa.gr organization: Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, Medical School, University of Athens, Athens, Greece – sequence: 2 givenname: Vana surname: Sypsa fullname: Sypsa, Vana organization: Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, Medical School, University of Athens, Athens, Greece – sequence: 3 givenname: Dimitrios surname: Paraskevis fullname: Paraskevis, Dimitrios organization: Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, Medical School, University of Athens, Athens, Greece – sequence: 4 givenname: Georgios surname: Nikolopoulos fullname: Nikolopoulos, Georgios organization: IAS/NIDA Fellow, Hellenic Center for Diseases Prevention and Control, Athens, Greece – sequence: 5 givenname: Chrissa surname: Tsiara fullname: Tsiara, Chrissa organization: Hellenic Centre for Diseases Control and Prevention, Athens, Greece – sequence: 6 givenname: Katerina surname: Micha fullname: Micha, Katerina organization: Organization Against Drugs, Athens, Greece – sequence: 7 givenname: Anastasios surname: Panopoulos fullname: Panopoulos, Anastasios organization: Organization Against Drugs, Athens, Greece – sequence: 8 givenname: Meni surname: Malliori fullname: Malliori, Meni organization: Medical School, University of Athens, Athens, Greece – sequence: 9 givenname: Mina surname: Psichogiou fullname: Psichogiou, Mina organization: Department of Propedeutic Medicine, Medical School, University of Athens, Athens, Greece – sequence: 10 givenname: Anastasia surname: Pharris fullname: Pharris, Anastasia organization: European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control, Stockholm, Sweden – sequence: 11 givenname: Lucas surname: Wiessing fullname: Wiessing, Lucas organization: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction, Lisbon, Portugal – sequence: 12 givenname: Marita surname: van de Laar fullname: van de Laar, Marita organization: Consultant Public Health, Utrecht, the Netherlands – sequence: 13 givenname: Martin surname: Donoghoe fullname: Donoghoe, Martin organization: World Health Organization Regional Office for Europe, Copenhagen, Denmark – sequence: 14 givenname: Douglas D. surname: Heckathorn fullname: Heckathorn, Douglas D. organization: Cornell University, NY, Ithaca, USA – sequence: 15 givenname: Samuel R. surname: Friedman fullname: Friedman, Samuel R. organization: National Development and Research Institutes, New York, USA – sequence: 16 givenname: Don C. surname: Des Jarlais fullname: Des Jarlais, Don C. organization: Beth Israel Medical Center, New York, USA |
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| Publisher | Blackwell Publishing Ltd |
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Homelessness and HIV risk behaviors among injection drug users. J Urban Health 2004; 81: 618-29. – reference: Volz E., Wejnert C., Cameron C., Spiller M., Barash V., Degani I., et al. Respondent-Driven Sampling Analysis Tool (RDSAT), version 7.1. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University; 2012. – reference: Fotiou A., Giannou F., Lagakos L. HIV outbreak in IDUs in Greece. Update on Situation and Responses (2nd Meeting on Detecting and Responding to Outbreaks of HIV Among People who Inject Drugs). Lisbon, Portugal: EMCCDA; 2012. – reference: Uuskula A., Kalikova A., Zilmer K., Tammai L., DeHovitz J. The role of injection drug use in the emergence of human immunodeficiency virus infection in Estonia. Int J Infect Dis 2002; 6: 23-7. – reference: Coady M. H., Latka M. H., Thiede H., Golub E. T., Ouellet L., Hudson S. M., et al. Housing status and associated differences in HIV risk behaviors among young injection drug users (IDUs). 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Eur J Epidemiol 2001; 17: 573-80. – reference: Raoult D., Foucault C., Brouqui P. Infections in the homeless. Lancet Infect Dis 2001; 1: 77-84. – reference: Mills H. L., White E., Colijn C., Vickerman P., Heimer R. HIV transmission from drug injectors to partners who do not inject, and beyond: modelling the potential for a generalized heterosexual epidemic in St. Petersburg, Russia. Drug Alcohol Depend 2013; 133: 242-7. – reference: Stimson G. V. Has the United Kingdom averted an epidemic of HIV-1 infection among drug injectors? Addiction 1996; 91: 1085-8; discussion 1089-99. – reference: Wiessing L., Bravo M. J., European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (EMCDDA) DRID Guidance Module: Behavioural Indicators for People Who Inject Drugs. Lisbon: EMCDDA; 2013. – reference: Heckathorn D. D., Semaan S., Broadhead R. S., Hughes J. Extensions of respondent-driven sampling: a new approach to the study of injection drug users aged 18-25. AIDS Behav 2002; 6: 55-67. – reference: Barrio G., Bravo M. J., Brugal M. T., Diez M., Regidor E., Belza M. J., et al. Harm reduction interventions for drug injectors or heroin users in Spain: expanding coverage as the storm abates. Addiction 2012; 107: 1111-22. – reference: Johnston L. G., Sabin K. Sampling hard-to-reach populations with respondent driven sampling. Methodol Innov Online 2010; 5: 38-48. – reference: Heckathorn D. Respondent-driven sampling: a new approach to the study of hidden populations. Soc Probl 1997; 44: 1741-99. – reference: Lansky A., Drake A., Wejnert C., Pham H., Cribbin M., Heckathorn D. D. Assessing the assumptions of respondent-driven sampling in the national HIV Behavioral Surveillance System among injecting drug users. Open AIDS J 2012; 6: 77-82. – reference: National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA) and International AIDS Society (IAS) Report Prevention and Treatment of HIV/AIDS Among Drug Using Populations: A Global Perspective. Washington, DC: NIDA/IAS; 2010. – reference: Gallagher K. M., Sullivan P. S., Lansky A., Onorato I. M. Behavioral surveillance among people at risk for HIV infection in the U.S.: the National HIV Behavioral Surveillance System. Public Health Rep 2007; 122: 32-8. – reference: Nikolopoulos G., Paraskevis D., Hatzakis A. HIV epidemiology in Greece. Future Microbiol 2008; 3: 507-16. – reference: Donoghoe M. C., Dolan K. A., Stimson G. V. Life-style factors and social circumstances of syringe sharing in injecting drug users. Br J Addict 1992; 87: 993-1003. – reference: Strathdee S. A., Patrick D. M., Currie S. L., Cornelisse P. G., Rekart M. L., Montaner J. S., et al. Needle exchange is not enough: lessons from the Vancouver injecting drug use study. Aids 1997; 11: F59-65. – reference: Hedrich D., Kalamara E., Sfetcu O., Pharris A., Noor A., Wiessing L., et al. Human immunodeficiency virus among people who inject drugs: is risk increasing in Europe? Euro Surveill 2013; 18: 20648. – reference: Malekinejad M., Johnston L. G., Kendall C., Kerr L. R., Rifkin M. R., Rutherford G. W. Using respondent-driven sampling methodology for HIV biological and behavioral surveillance in international settings: a systematic review. AIDS Behav 2008; 12: S105-30. – reference: Friedman S. R., Neaigus A., Jose B., Curtis R., Goldstein M., Ildefonso G., et al. Sociometric risk networks and risk for HIV infection. Am J Public Health 1997; 87: 1289-96. – reference: Uuskula A., McMahon J. M., Kals M., Talu A., Abel-Ollo K., Ruutel K., et al. Risk for heterosexual HIV transmission among non-injecting female partners of injection drug users in Estonia. AIDS Behav 2013; 17: 879-88. – reference: Corsi K. F., Dvoryak S., Garver-Apgar C., Davis J. M., Brewster J. T., Lisovska O., et al. Gender differences between predictors of HIV status among PWID in Ukraine. Drug Alcohol Depend 2014; 138: 103-8. – reference: Wang K., Fu H., Longfield K., Modi S., Mundy G., Firestone R. Do community-based strategies reduce HIV risk among people who inject drugs in China? A quasi-experimental study in Yunnan and Guangxi provinces. Harm Reduct J 2014; 11: 15. – reference: Desenclos J. C., Papaevangelou G., Ancelle-Park R. Knowledge of HIV serostatus and preventive behaviour among European injecting drug users. The European Community Study Group on HIV in Injecting Drug Users. Aids 1993; 7: 1371-7. – reference: Rhodes T., Lowndes C., Judd A., Mikhailova L. A., Sarang A., Rylkov A., et al. Explosive spread and high prevalence of HIV infection among injecting drug users in Togliatti City, Russia. Aids 2002; 16: F25-31. – reference: Malliori M., Golna C., Souliotis K., Hatzakis A. Managing opioid dependence treatment and controlling for HIV incidence among injecting drug users in Greece: a case study of optimism in the face of adversity. Addiction 2013; 108: 1174-5. – reference: Platt L., Bobrova N., Rhodes T., Uuskula A., Parry J. V., Ruutel K., et al. High HIV prevalence among injecting drug users in Estonia: implications for understanding the risk environment. Aids 2006; 20: 2120-3. – reference: Eritsyan K., Heimer R., Barbour R., Odinokova V., White E., Rusakova M. M., et al. Individual-level, network-level and city-level factors associated with HIV prevalence among people who inject drugs in eight Russian cities: a cross-sectional study. BMJ Open 2013; 3: pii: e002645. – reference: Donoghoe M. C., Stimson G. V., Dolan K. A. Sexual behaviour of injecting drug users and associated risks of HIV infection for non-injecting sexual partners. AIDS Care 1989; 1: 51-8. – reference: World Health Organization (WHO), United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) and Joint United Nations Programme on HIV and AIDS (UNAIDS) Technical Guide for Countries to Set Targets for Universal Access to HIV Prevention, Treatment and Care for Injecting Drug Users. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2009. – reference: Sypsa V., Paraskevis D., Malliori M., Nikolopoulos G. K., Panopoulos A., Kantzanou M., et al. Homelessness and other risk factors for HIV infection in the current outbreak among injection drug users in Athens, Greece. Am J Public Health 2015; 105: 196-204. – reference: Rahnama R., Mohraz M., Mirzazadeh A., Rutherford G., McFarland W., Akbari G., et al. Access to harm reduction programs among persons who inject drugs: findings from a respondent-driven sampling survey in Tehran, Iran. Int J Drug Policy 2014; 25: 717-23. – reference: Shaboltas A. V., Toussova O. V., Hoffman I. F., Heimer R., Verevochkin S. V., Ryder R. W., et al. HIV prevalence, sociodemographic, and behavioral correlates and recruitment methods among injection drug users in St. Petersburg, Russia. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2006; 41: 657-63. – reference: Estebanez P. E., Russell N. K., Aguilar M. D., Beland F., Zunzunegui M. V. Women, drugs and HIV/AIDS: results of a multicentre European study. Int J Epidemiol 2000; 29: 734-43. – reference: Pharris A., Wiessing L., Sfetcu O., Hedrich D., Botescu A., Fotiou A., et al. Human immunodeficiency virus in injecting drug users in Europe following a reported increase of cases in Greece and Romania, 2011. Euro Surveill 2011; 16: pii: 20032. – reference: Linton S. L., Celentano D. D., Kirk G. D., Mehta S. H. The longitudinal association between homelessness, injection drug use, and injection-related risk behavior among persons with a history of injection drug use in Baltimore, MD. Drug Alcohol Depend 2013; 132: 457-65. – reference: Paraskevis D., Nikolopoulos G., Tsiara C., Paraskeva D., Antoniadou A., Lazanas M., et al. HIV-1 outbreak among injecting drug users in Greece, 2011: a preliminary report. Euro Surveill 2011; 16: pii=19962. – reference: Salganik M. J. Variance estimation, design effects, and sample size calculations for respondent-driven sampling. J Urban Health 2006; 83: i98-112. – reference: Kottiri B. J., Friedman S. R., Neaigus A., Curtis R., Des Jarlais D. C. Risk networks and racial/ethnic differences in the prevalence of HIV infection among injection drug users. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2002; 30: 95-104. – year: 2011 – year: 2009 – volume: 6 start-page: 23 year: 2002 end-page: 7 article-title: The role of injection drug use in the emergence of human immunodeficiency virus infection in Estonia publication-title: Int J Infect Dis – volume: 83 start-page: i98 year: 2006 end-page: 112 article-title: Variance estimation, design effects, and sample size calculations for respondent‐driven sampling publication-title: J Urban Health – volume: 9 start-page: 37 year: 2012 article-title: HIV prevalence and risk behaviours among injecting drug users in six Indonesian cities: implications for future HIV prevention programs publication-title: Harm Reduct J – volume: 38 start-page: 544 year: 2012 end-page: 50 article-title: HIV infection risk among injection drug users in a methadone maintenance treatment program, Taipei, Taiwan 2007–2010 publication-title: Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse – volume: 17 start-page: 573 year: 2001 end-page: 80 article-title: Determinants of HIV prevalence amongst female IDU in Madrid publication-title: Eur J Epidemiol – volume: 87 start-page: 993 year: 1992 end-page: 1003 article-title: Life‐style factors and social circumstances of syringe sharing in injecting drug users publication-title: Br J Addict – volume: 132 start-page: 457 year: 2013 end-page: 65 article-title: The longitudinal association between homelessness, injection drug use, and injection‐related risk behavior among persons with a history of injection drug use in Baltimore, MD publication-title: Drug Alcohol Depend – volume: 3 start-page: 507 year: 2008 end-page: 16 article-title: HIV epidemiology in Greece publication-title: Future Microbiol – volume: 5 start-page: 38 year: 2010 end-page: 48 article-title: Sampling hard‐to‐reach populations with respondent driven sampling publication-title: Methodol Innov Online – volume: 107 start-page: 1111 year: 2012 end-page: 22 article-title: Harm reduction interventions for drug injectors or heroin users in Spain: expanding coverage as the storm abates publication-title: Addiction – volume: 8 start-page: e78941 year: 2013 article-title: Economic recession and emergence of an HIV‐1 outbreak among drug injectors in Athens metropolitan area: a longitudinal study publication-title: PLOS ONE – volume: 25 start-page: 717 year: 2014 end-page: 23 article-title: Access to harm reduction programs among persons who inject drugs: findings from a respondent‐driven sampling survey in Tehran, Iran publication-title: Int J Drug Policy – volume: 17 start-page: 879 year: 2013 end-page: 88 article-title: Risk for heterosexual HIV transmission among non‐injecting female partners of injection drug users in Estonia publication-title: AIDS Behav – volume: 44 start-page: 1741 year: 1997 end-page: 99 article-title: Respondent‐driven sampling: a new approach to the study of hidden populations publication-title: Soc Probl – volume: 81 start-page: 618 year: 2004 end-page: 29 article-title: Homelessness and HIV risk behaviors among injection drug users publication-title: J Urban Health – volume: 1 start-page: 77 year: 2001 end-page: 84 article-title: Infections in the homeless publication-title: Lancet Infect Dis – volume: 6 start-page: 55 year: 2002 end-page: 67 article-title: Extensions of respondent‐driven sampling: a new approach to the study of injection drug users aged 18–25 publication-title: AIDS Behav – volume: 11 start-page: F59 year: 1997 end-page: 65 article-title: Needle exchange is not enough: lessons from the Vancouver injecting drug use study publication-title: Aids – volume: 30 start-page: 95 year: 2002 end-page: 104 article-title: Risk networks and racial/ethnic differences in the prevalence of HIV infection among injection drug users publication-title: J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr – issue: 26 year: 2011 – volume: 11 start-page: 854 year: 2007 end-page: 63 article-title: Housing status and associated differences in HIV risk behaviors among young injection drug users (IDUs) publication-title: AIDS Behav – volume: 11 start-page: 15 year: 2014 article-title: Do community‐based strategies reduce HIV risk among people who inject drugs in China? A quasi‐experimental study in Yunnan and Guangxi provinces publication-title: Harm Reduct J – volume: 3 year: 2013 article-title: Individual‐level, network‐level and city‐level factors associated with HIV prevalence among people who inject drugs in eight Russian cities: a cross‐sectional study publication-title: BMJ Open – volume: 122 start-page: 32 year: 2007 end-page: 8 article-title: Behavioral surveillance among people at risk for HIV infection in the U.S.: the National HIV Behavioral Surveillance System publication-title: Public Health Rep – volume: 6 start-page: 77 year: 2012 end-page: 82 article-title: Assessing the assumptions of respondent‐driven sampling in the national HIV Behavioral Surveillance System among injecting drug users publication-title: Open AIDS J – volume: 105 start-page: 196 year: 2015 end-page: 204 article-title: Homelessness and other risk factors for HIV infection in the current outbreak among injection drug users in Athens, Greece publication-title: Am J Public Health – volume: 138 start-page: 103 year: 2014 end-page: 8 article-title: Gender differences between predictors of HIV status among PWID in Ukraine publication-title: Drug Alcohol Depend – volume: 16 year: 2011 article-title: Human immunodeficiency virus in injecting drug users in Europe following a reported increase of cases in Greece and Romania, 2011 publication-title: Euro Surveill – volume: 20 start-page: 2120 year: 2006 end-page: 3 article-title: High HIV prevalence among injecting drug users in Estonia: implications for understanding the risk environment publication-title: Aids – volume: 12 start-page: S105 year: 2008 end-page: 30 article-title: Using respondent‐driven sampling methodology for HIV biological and behavioral surveillance in international settings: a systematic review publication-title: AIDS Behav – volume: 18 start-page: 20648 year: 2013 article-title: Human immunodeficiency virus among people who inject drugs: is risk increasing in Europe? publication-title: Euro Surveill – volume: 91 start-page: 1085 year: 1996 end-page: 8 article-title: Has the United Kingdom averted an epidemic of HIV‐1 infection among drug injectors? publication-title: Addiction – volume: 16 year: 2011 article-title: HIV‐1 outbreak among injecting drug users in Greece, 2011: a preliminary report publication-title: Euro Surveill – volume: 16 start-page: F25 year: 2002 end-page: 31 article-title: Explosive spread and high prevalence of HIV infection among injecting drug users in Togliatti City, Russia publication-title: Aids – volume: 24 start-page: 304 year: 2014 end-page: 11 article-title: Do metropolitan HIV epidemic histories and programs for people who inject drugs and men who have sex with men predict AIDS incidence and mortality among heterosexuals? publication-title: Ann Epidemiol – volume: 108 start-page: 1174 year: 2013 end-page: 5 article-title: Managing opioid dependence treatment and controlling for HIV incidence among injecting drug users in Greece: a case study of optimism in the face of adversity publication-title: Addiction – volume: 87 start-page: 1289 year: 1997 end-page: 96 article-title: Sociometric risk networks and risk for HIV infection publication-title: Am J Public Health – volume: 37 start-page: 151 year: 2007 end-page: 207 article-title: Extensions of respondent‐driven sampling: analyzing continuous variables and controlling for differential recruitment publication-title: Sociol Methodol – year: 2010 – year: 2012 – volume: 29 start-page: 734 year: 2000 end-page: 43 article-title: Women, drugs and HIV/AIDS: results of a multicentre European study publication-title: Int J Epidemiol – start-page: 76 year: 1998 end-page: 90 – volume: 49 start-page: 11 year: 2002 end-page: 34 article-title: Respondent‐driven sampling II: deriving valid population estimates from chain referral samples of hidden populations publication-title: Soc Probl – volume: 133 start-page: 242 year: 2013 end-page: 7 article-title: HIV transmission from drug injectors to partners who do not inject, and beyond: modelling the potential for a generalized heterosexual epidemic in St. Petersburg, Russia publication-title: Drug Alcohol Depend – volume: 41 start-page: 657 year: 2006 end-page: 63 article-title: HIV prevalence, sociodemographic, and behavioral correlates and recruitment methods among injection drug users in St. Petersburg, Russia publication-title: J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr – volume: 7 start-page: 1371 year: 1993 end-page: 7 article-title: Knowledge of HIV serostatus and preventive behaviour among European injecting drug users. The European Community Study Group on HIV in Injecting Drug Users publication-title: Aids – year: 2013 – volume: 1 start-page: 51 year: 1989 end-page: 8 article-title: Sexual behaviour of injecting drug users and associated risks of HIV infection for non‐injecting sexual partners publication-title: AIDS Care |
| SSID | ssj0007894 |
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To (i) describe an intervention implemented in response to the HIV‐1 outbreak among people who inject drugs (PWIDs) in Greece (ARISTOTLE programme), (ii)... To (i) describe an intervention implemented in response to the HIV-1 outbreak among people who inject drugs (PWIDs) in Greece (ARISTOTLE programme), (ii)... Aims To (i) describe an intervention implemented in response to the HIV-1 outbreak among people who inject drugs (PWIDs) in Greece (ARISTOTLE programme), (ii)... |
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| SubjectTerms | Adolescent Adult Aged Antiretroviral therapy Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active Blood tests Comorbidity Confidence intervals Demography Disease Outbreaks - statistics & numerical data Drugs Female Greece Health risk assessment High risk HIV HIV Infections - diagnosis HIV Infections - drug therapy HIV Infections - epidemiology HIV outbreak Homeless people Homelessness Human immunodeficiency virus Humans Imprisonment Infections Intervention Male Medical tests Methadone Middle Aged Narcotics Opioids Prevalence Preventive medicine PWIDs respondent-driven sampling Risk assessment Risk behavior Risk Factors Risk theory Risk-Taking Sex Sexual behavior Sociodemographics Socioenvironmental Therapy Substance Abuse, Intravenous - epidemiology Treatment programs Young Adult |
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| Title | Design and baseline findings of a large-scale rapid response to an HIV outbreak in people who inject drugs in Athens, Greece: the ARISTOTLE programme |
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